A randomized 3x3 crossover study to evaluate the effect of Hass avocado intake on post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin levels, and subsequent energy intake in overweight adults

Nutrition Journal

Joan Sabaté¹  Keiji Oda¹  Ella Haddad²  Michelle Wien² 

[1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA;Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 N. Circle Dr., Nichol Hall 1102, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA

关键词: Dietary compensation;    Visual analog scale;    Insulin;    Glucose;    Overweight;    Satiety;    Avocado;   

Others  :  802009
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-12-155

 received in 2013-08-17, accepted in 2013-11-22,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

The behavioral outcome of food ingestion is a complex process that involves psychological and biological factors. Avocados are nutrient dense with properties that may favorably impact energy balance. This study sought to evaluate if incorporating approximately one half of a Hass avocado by addition or inclusion into a lunch meal will influence post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin response, and subsequent energy intake among overweight adults.

Methods

This was a randomized 3x3 single-blind crossover design study with 26 healthy overweight adults (mean ±SD age 40.8±11.0 years and BMI 28.1±2.4 kg/m²). Participants consumed a standardized breakfast followed by 1 of 3 lunch test meals [Control (C), avocado-free; Avocado Inclusive (AI); and, Avocado Added (AA)]. Participants rated five appetite sensations using a visual analog scale (VAS) before lunch and at specific intervals over 5 hours following the start of the test meal. Blood glucose and insulin were measured before lunch and at specific intervals over 3 hours following the start of the test meal. Mixed models were used to compare differences among the 3 test meals, and the area under the curve (AUC_0-xh) was computed for the VAS and biological measures.

Results

There were significant differences in the AUC_(0-5h) for the self-reported feelings of satisfaction (P=0.04) and desire to eat (P=0.05) in the mixed model analysis. Compared to the C test meal, the AA test meal increased satisfaction by 23% (P=0.05) and decreased the desire to eat by 28% (P=0.04) for the AUC_(0-5h). For the AUC_(0-3h), the AA test meal increased satisfaction by 26% (P=0.02) and decreased the desire to eat by 40% (P=0.01) as compared to the C test meal. Compared to the AI meal, the AUC_(0-3h) for blood insulin was higher in the C and AA meals (P=0.04 and P=0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

The addition of approximately one half of a Hass avocado at a lunch meal can influence post-ingestive satiety over a subsequent 3 and 5 hour period in overweight adults. A caveat to these findings is that the avocado contained an additional 112 kcal, which may have accounted for the observed increase in satisfaction and decreased desire to eat. Future trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of avocado intake on weight management in adults of varying BMIs and among insulin resistant individuals.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Wien et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Avendano-Pabon M, Brug J: A systematic review of environmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic environments? Obes Rev 2011, 12:e95-e106.
• [2]Ouyang H, Yin J, Chen JD: Gastric or intestinal electrical stimulation-induced increase in gastric volume is correlated with reduced food intake. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006, 41:1261-1266.
• [3]Rolls BJ: The relationship between dietary energy density and energy intake. Physiol Behav 2009, 97:609-615.
• [4]Jones PJ, Schoeller DA: Polyunsaturated:saturated ratio of diet fat influences energy substrate utilization in the human. Metabolism 1988, 37:145-151.
• [5]Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K: The influence of the type of dietary fat on postprandial fat oxidation rates: monounsaturated (olive oil) vs saturated fat (cream). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002, 26:814-821.
• [6]DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD: Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000, 24:794-800.
• [7]Dreher ML, Davenport AJ: Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013, 53:738-750.
• [8]Bes-Rastrollo M, van Dam RM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Li TY, Sampson LL, Hu FB: Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:769-777.
• [9]Fulgoni VL 3rd, Dreher M, Davenport AJ: Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2008. Nutr J 2013, 12:1. BioMed Central Full Text
• [10]Burton-Freeman B: Dietary fiber and energy regulation. J Nutr 2000, 130:272S-275S.
• [11]Juvonen KR, Purhonen AK, Salmenkallio-Marttila M, Lahteenmaki L, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Uusitupa MI, Poutanen KS, Karhunen LJ: Viscosity of oat bran-enriched beverages influences gastrointestinal hormonal responses in healthy humans. J Nutr 2009, 139:461-466.
• [12]Flint A, Gregersen NT, Gluud LL, Moller BK, Raben A, Tetens I, Verdich C, Astrup A: Associations between postprandial insulin and blood glucose responses, appetite sensations and energy intake in normal weight and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis of test meal studies. Br J Nutr 2007, 98:17-25.
• [13]Popkin BM, Duffey KJ: Does hunger and satiety drive eating anymore? Increasing eating occasions and decreasing time between eating occasions in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1342-1347.
• [14]Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10490&page=1325 webcite. Accessed July 10, 2012
• [15]Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A: Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000, 24:38-48.
• [16]de Graaf C, Hulshof T: Effects of weight and energy content of preloads on subsequent appetite and food intake. Appetite 1996, 26:139-151.
• [17]Beaton GH, Milner J, Corey P, McGuire V, Cousins M, Stewart E, de Ramos M, Hewitt D, Grambsch PV, Kassim N, Little JA: Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32:2546-2559.
• [18]Sukhatme PV, Margen S: Autoregulatory homestatic nature of energy balance. Am J Clin Nutr 1982, 35:355-365.
• [19]Roth G, Hayek MSM, Davenport G, Arking R, Bartke A, Bonkowki M, Ingram D: Mannoheptulose glycolytic inhibitor and novel calorie restriction mimetic. In Experimental Biology. New Orleans, LA: Abstract # 553.1; 2009.
• [20]Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Teeter DL, Chen CY, Vanden Heuvel JP, West SG: A high antioxidant spice blend attenuates postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses and increases some plasma measures of antioxidant activity in healthy, overweight men. J Nutr 2011, 141:1451-1457.
• [21]Holt SH, Brand Miller JC, Petocz P: Interrelationships among postprandial satiety, glucose and insulin responses and changes in subsequent food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996, 50:788-797.
• [22]Mayer J: Regulation of energy intake and the body weight: the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1955, 63:15-43.
• [23]Anderson GH, Catherine NL, Woodend DM, Wolever TM: Inverse association between the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose and subsequent short-term food intake in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:1023-1030.
• [24]Lavin JH, Wittert G, Sun WM, Horowitz M, Morley JE, Read NW: Appetite regulation by carbohydrate: role of blood glucose and gastrointestinal hormones. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E209-E214.
• [25]Blundell JE, MacDiarmid JI: Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating. J Am Diet Assoc 1997, 97:S63-S69.
• [26]Rolls BJ, Kim-Harris S, Fischman MW, Foltin RW, Moran TH, Stoner SA: Satiety after preloads with different amounts of fat and carbohydrate: implications for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:476-487.
• [27]Tarasuk V, Beaton GH: The nature and individuality of within-subject variation in energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54:464-470.
• [28]Hetherington MM, Foster R, Newman T, Anderson AS, Norton G: Understanding variety: tasting different foods delays satiation. Physiol Behav 2006, 87:263-271.