Cholestenoic acid, an endogenous cholesterol metabolite, is a potent γ-secretase modulator

Molecular Neurodegeneration

Todd E. Golde⁴  Kevin M. Felsenstein⁴  Gideon Shapiro⁵  Edward H. Koo²  Saritha Ba¹  Rajender Akula¹  Yufei Tang³  Günther Hochhaus³  Lisa A. Smithson⁴  Carolina Ceballos-Diaz⁴  Hyo-Jin Park⁴  Yong Ran⁴  Thomas B. Ladd⁴  Ashleigh R. Price⁴  Joo In Jung⁴ 

[1] SAI Life Sciences Ltd., Turkapally AP500078, India;Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA;McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA;Pharmore, Inc., Gainesville 32653, FL, USA

关键词: Cytochrome P450;    Bile acid;    Steroid;    Cholesterol;    Alzheimer disease;    Amyloid;    γ-secretase modulator (GSM);    Cholestenoic acid;   

Others  :  1219845
DOI  :  10.1186/s13024-015-0021-z

 received in 2015-04-06, accepted in 2015-05-29,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Amyloid-β (Aβ) 42 has been implicated as the initiating molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); thus, therapeutic strategies that target Aβ42 are of great interest. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are small molecules that selectively decrease Aβ42. We have previously reported that many acidic steroids are GSMs with potencies ranging in the low to mid micromolar concentration with 5β-cholanic acid being the most potent steroid identified GSM with half maximal effective concentration (EC ₅₀ ) of 5.7 μM.

Results

We find that the endogenous cholesterol metabolite, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (CA), is a steroid GSM with enhanced potency (EC ₅₀of 250 nM) relative to 5β-cholanic acid. CA i) is found in human plasma at ~100-300 nM concentrations ii) has the typical acidic GSM signature of decreasing Aβ42 and increasing Aβ38 levels iii) is active in in vitro γ-secretase assay iv) is made in the brain. To test if CA acts as an endogenous GSM, we used Cyp27a1 knockout (Cyp27a1−/−) and Cyp7b1 knockout (Cyp7b1−/−) mice to investigate if manipulation of cholesterol metabolism pathways relevant to CA formation would affect brain Aβ42 levels. Our data show that Cyp27a1−/− had increased brain Aβ42, whereas Cyp7b1−/− mice had decreased brain Aβ42 levels; however, peripheral dosing of up to 100 mg/kg CA did not affect brain Aβ levels. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with multiple known and novel CA analogs studies failed to reveal CA analogs with increased potency.

Conclusion

These data suggest that CA may act as an endogenous GSM within the brain. Although it is conceptually attractive to try and increase the levels of CA in the brain for prevention of AD, our data suggest that this will not be easily accomplished.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Jung et al.

【 图 表 】

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