U.S. adults are not meeting recommended levels for fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake: results of an analysis using observational data from NHANES 2003–2008

Nutrition Journal

Victor L Fulgoni²  Carroll Reider³  James Brooks¹  Yanni Papanikolaou⁴ 

[1] Pharmavite, LLC, Northridge, CA, USA;Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI, USA;Pharmavite, LLC, Mission Hills, CA, USA;Nutritional Strategies Inc, 59 Marriot Place, Paris, ON N3LOA3, Canada

关键词: Cardiovascular;    DHA;    EPA;    Omega-3 fatty acids;    Fish;    Usual intake;    NHANES;   

Others  :  801594
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-13-31

 received in 2013-09-20, accepted in 2014-03-13,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The American Heart Association’s Strategic Impact Goal Through 2020 and Beyond recommends ≥ two 3.5-oz fish servings per week (preferably oily fish) partly to increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We examined the intake of total fish, fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA in U.S. adults (19 + years) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2008.

Methods

Usual intakes from foods alone and from foods plus dietary supplements were determined using the methods from the National Cancer Institute.

Results

Mean usual intake of total fish and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids was 0.61 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.03 oz/day, 0.43 and 0.07 respectively. Total fish and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids median intake was 0.43 and 0.07 oz/day, respectively. Intake from foods alone for ALA, EPA and DHA was 1.5 ± 0.01 g/d, 23 ± 7 mg/d and 63 ± 2 mg/d, respectively. ALA, EPA and DHA from food only median intakes were 1.4 g/d, 18 mg/d and 50 mg/d, respectively. Intake of ALA, EPA and DHA from foods and dietary supplements was 1.6 ± 0.04 g/d, 41 ± 4 mg/d and 72 ± 4 mg/d, respectively. While intakes of fish high in omega-3 fatty acids were higher in older adults (0.13 ± 0.01 oz/d for those 19–50 yrs and 0.19 ± 0.02 oz/d for those 51+ year; p < 0.01) and in males as compared to females (0.18 ± 0.02 vs 0.13 ± 0.01 oz/d, respectively; p < 0.05), few consumed recommended levels. Males also had higher (p < 0.05) intake of EPA and DHA from foods and dietary supplements relative to females (44 ± 6 vs 39 ± 4 and 90 ± 7 vs 59 ± 4 mg/d, respectively) and older adults had higher intakes of EPA, but not DHA compared to younger adults (EPA: 34 ± 3 vs 58 ± 9, p < 0.05; DHA: 68 ± 4 vs 81 ± 6, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

As omega-3 fatty acids are deemed important from authoritative bodies, supplementation in addition to food sources may need to be considered to help U.S. adults meet recommendations.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Papanikolaou et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes: Morbidity and Mortality: 2012 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2012_ChartBook_508.pdf webcite Accessed June 7, 2013
• [2]Lorente-Cebrián S, Costa AG, Navas-Carretero S, Zabala M, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ: Role of omega-3 fatty acids in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence. J Physiol Biochem 2013. Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
• [3]Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, Nutrition Committee: Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e20-e30.
• [4]Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F: Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2012, 107:S201-S213.
• [5]U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2010
• [6]Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, Greenlund K, Daniels S, Nichol G, Tomaselli GF, Arnett DK, Fonarow GC, Ho PM, Lauer MS, Masoudi FA, Robertson RM, Roger V, Schwamm LH, Sorlie P, Yancy CW, Rosamond WD, American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee: Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010, 121:586-613.
• [7]Raatz SK, Silverstein JT, Jahns L, Picklo MJ: Issues of fish consumption for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutrients 2013, 5:1081-1097.
• [8]Geleijnse JM, de Goede J, Brouwer IA: Alpha-linolenic acid: is it essential to cardiovascular health? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010, 12:359-367.
• [9]Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, Pierce GN: The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol 2010, 26:489-496.
• [10]National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm webcite (Accessed July 1, 2013)
• [11]National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic and Reporting Guidelines. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/nhanes_analytic_guidelines_dec_2005.pdf webcite. Accessed July 1, 2013
• [12]National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic note regarding 2007–2010 survey design changes and combining data across other survey cycles. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/analyticnote_2007-2010.pdf webcite. Accessed July 1, 2013
• [13]United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Food Surveys Research Group: Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 3.0. Beltsville, MD
• [14]US Environmental Protection Agency: What we eat in America - food commodity intake database, 2003–2008 (WWEIA-FCID 2003–08). http://www.fcid.foodrisk.org webcite. Accessed June 30, 2013
• [15]United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service: MyPyramid Equivalents Database. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=17558 webcite Accessed June 30, 2013
• [16]Tooze JA, Midthune D, Dodd KW, Freedman LS, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, Guenther PM, Carroll RJ, Kipnis V: A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution. J Am Diet Assoc 2006, 106:1575-1587.
• [17]National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary reference intakes: recommended intakes for individuals. http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/5_Summary%20Table%20Tables%201-4.pdf webcite. Accessed July 2, 2013
• [18]National Cancer Institute: Usual dietary intakes: the NCI method. 2009. http://www.riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/method.html webcite. Accessed June 20, 2013
• [19]Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 2010. to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-DGACReport.htm webcite. Accessed Jun 18, 2013
• [20]Akabas SR, Deckelbaum RJ: n-3 fatty acids: recommendations for therapeutics and prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83(6):1451S-1538S. Proceedings of a symposium, held in New York, NY, May 21, 2005
• [21]Dickhoff WW: Effects of farmed seafood consumption on trends in U.S. per capita omega-3 fatty acid consumption. Aquaculture 2010, San Diego, CA, 2010; World Aquaculture Society; San Diego, CA, USA, 2010
• [22]Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, Huth P, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Hargrove RL, Zhao G, Etherton TD: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71(Suppl 1):179S-188S.
• [23]Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Hunter D, Manson JE: Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 2002, 287:1815-1821.
• [24]Yamagishi K, Iso H, Date C, Fukui M, Wakai K, Kikuchi S, Inaba Y, Tanabe N, Tamakoshi A, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Study Group: Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:988-996.
• [25]Streppel MT, Ocké MC, Boshuizen HC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D: Long-term fish consumption and n-3 fatty acid intake in relation to (sudden) coronary heart disease death: the Zutphen study. Eur Heart J 2008, 29:2024-2030.
• [26]Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics 2011, 128(5):S213-S256.
• [27]Rodrigues AN, Abreu GR, Resende RS, Goncalves WLS, Alves Gouvea S: Cardiovascular risk factor investigation: a pediatric issue. Int J Gen Med 2013, 6:57-66.
• [28]Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy M, Chiu E, Besio D, Paul S, Stuehlinger M, Morrow J, Ridker P, Rifai N, Mietus-Snyder M: Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004, 42:672-679.
• [29]Armitage JA, Pearce AD, Sinclair AJ, Vingrys AJ, Weisinger RS, Weisinger HS: Increased blood pressure later in life may be associated with perinatal n-3 fatty acid deficiency. Lipids 2003, 38:459-464.