Differential effects of exposure to ambient vanilla and citrus aromas on mood, arousal and food choice

Flavour

Suzet M Zijlstra¹  René A de Wijk² 

[1] Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, EV, 6700, The Netherlands;WUR Food and Biobased Research, Consumer Science & Intelligent Systems, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen AA 6700, The Netherlands

关键词: Vanilla;    Physiology;    Performance;    Olfactory effects;    Psychology;    Food choice;    Citrus;    Behavior;    Ambient aroma;   

Others  :  812420
DOI  :  10.1186/2044-7248-1-24

 received in 2012-08-14, accepted in 2012-11-05,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Aromas have been associated with physiological, psychological affective and behavioral effects. We tested whether effects of low-level exposure to two ambient food-related aromas (citrus and vanilla) could be measured with small numbers of subjects, low-cost physiological sensors and semi-real life settings. Tests included physiological (heart rate, physical activity and response times), psychological (emotions and mood) and behavioral (food choice) measures in a semi-real life environment for 22 participants.

Results

Exposure to ambient citrus aroma increased physical activity (P <0.05), shortened response times in young participants (P <0.05), decreased negative emotions (P <0.05), and affected food choice (P <0.05). Exposure to ambient vanilla aroma increased projected introvert emotions (P <0.05). All effects were small relative to estimated effect sizes.

Conclusions

The test battery used in this study demonstrated aroma-specific physiological, psychological and behavioral effects of aromas with similar appeal and intensities, and similar food-related origins. These effects could be measured in (semi-) real life environments for freely moving subjects using relatively inexpensive commercially available physiological sensors.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 de Wijk and Zijlstra; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Baron R, Bronfen MA: Whiff of reality: empirical evidence concerning the effects of pleasant fragrances on work-related behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol 1994, 24:1179-1203.
• [2]Ludvigson H, Rottman T: Effects of ambient odors of lavender and cloves on cognition, memory, affect and mood. Chem Senses 1989, 14:525-536.
• [3]Diego M, Aaron-Jones N, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn CM, Galamaga M, Mcadam V, Galamaga R: Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int J Neurosci 1998, 96:217-224.
• [4]Degel J, Koster EP: Odors: implicit memory and performance effects. Chem Senses 1999, 24:317-325.
• [5]Warm JS, Dember WN, Parasuraman R: Effects of olfactory stimulation on performance and stress in a visual sustained attention task. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1992, 42:199-210.
• [6]Sullivan TE, Warm JS, Schefft BK, Dember WN, O’Dell MW, Peterson SJ: Effects of olfactory stimulation on the vigilance performance of individuals with brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1998, 20:227-236.
• [7]Millot JL, Brand G, Morgan N: Effects of odors on response time in humans. Neurosci Lett 2002, 322:79-82.
• [8]Yagyu T: Neurophysiological findings on the effects of fragrance: lavender and jasmine. Integr Psychiatry 1994, 10:62-67.
• [9]Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P: Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci 2003, 113:15-38.
• [10]Sakamoto R, Minoura K, Usui A, Ishizuka Y, Kanba S: Effectiveness of aroma on work efficiency: lavender aroma during recesses prevents deterioration of work performance. Chem Senses 2005, 30:683-691.
• [11]Baron R, Kalsher M: Effects of a pleasant ambient fragrance on simulated driving performance, the sweet smell of … safety. Environ Behav 1998, 30:535-552.
• [12]Raudenbush B, Corley N, Eppich W: Enhancing athletic performance through the administration of peppermint odor. J Sport Exer Psychol 2000, 23:156-160.
• [13]Baron R: The sweet smell of … helping: effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in a shopping mall. Pers Soc Psychol 1997, 23:498-503.
• [14]Grimes M: Helping Behavior Commitments in the Presence of Odors: Vanilla, Lavender, and No Odor. Hypertext Paper: Georgia Southern University; 1999.
• [15]Knasko K: Ambient odor and shopping behavior. Chem Senses 1989, 14:719.
• [16]Lipman J: Scents that encourage buying couldn’t smell sweeter to stores. Wall Street J 1990, 5.
• [17]Guéguen N, Petr C: Odors and consumer behavior in a restaurant. Int J Hospital Manag 2006, 25:335-339.
• [18]Hirsch A: Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino. Psychol Marketing 1995, 12:585-594.
• [19]Lehrner J, Marwinski G, Lehr S, Johren P, Deecke L: Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiol Behav 2005, 86:92-95.
• [20]Alaoui-Ismaïli O, Robin O, Rada H, Dittmar A, Vernet-Maury E: Basic emotions evoked by odorants: comparison between autonomic responses and self-evaluation. Physiol Behav 1997, 624:713-720.
• [21]Walter WG: Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 1964, 203:380-384.
• [22]Torii S, Fukuda H, Kanemoto H, Miyanchi R, Hamauzu Y, Kawasaki M: Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of aroma. In Perfumery: the Psychology and Biology of Fragrance. Edited by Toller S, Dodd GH. New York: Springer; 1988:107-120.
• [23]Kuroda K, Inoue N, Ito Y, Kubota K, Sugimoto A, Kakuda T, Fushiki T: Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and R)–)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. Eu J Appl Physiol 2005, 952:107-114.
• [24]Duan X, Tashiro M, Wu D, Yambe T, Wang Q, Sasaki T, Kumagai K, Luo Y, Nitta I, Itoh M: Autonomic nervous function and localization of cerebral activity during lavender aromatic immersion. Technol Health Care 2007, 152:69-78.
• [25]Bensafi M, Rouby C, Farget V, Bertrand B, Vigouroux M, Holley A: Autonomic nervous system responses to aromas: the role of pleasantness and arousal. Chem Senses 2002, 278:703-709.
• [26]Dayawansa S, Umeno K, Takakura H, Hori E, Tabuchi E, Nagashimac Y, Oosu H, Yada Y, Suzuki T, Ono T, Nishijo H: Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of cedrol in humans. Auton Neurosci Basic 2003, 1081:79-86.
• [27]Herz RS: Aromatherapy facts and fictions: a scientific analysis of olfactory effects on mood, physiology and behavior. Int J Neurosci 2009, 119:263-290.
• [28]Knasko SC: Ambient odor’s effect on creativity, mood, and perceived health. Chem Senses 1992, 17:27-35.
• [29]Warrenburg S: Effects of fragrance on emotions: moods and physiology. Chem Senses 2005, 30:248-249.
• [30]Wexler BE, Warrenburg S, Schwartz GE, Janer LD: EEG and EMG responses to emotion-evoking stimuli processed without conscious awareness. Neuropsychologia 1992, 30:1065-1079.
• [31]Gamelin FX, Berthoin S, Bosquet L: Validity of the Polar S810 Heart Rate Monitor to measure R–R Intervals at rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006, 38:887-893.
• [32]St-Onge M, Mignault D, Allison DB: Evaluation of a portable device to measure daily energy expenditure in free-living adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:742-749.
• [33]Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A: Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales. J Person Soc Psychol 1988, 54:1063-1070.
• [34]Baeken C, Leyman L, De Raedt R, Vanderhasselt MA, D’haenen H: Left and right high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not affect mood in female volunteers. Clin Neurophysiol 2008, 119:568-575.