Cytokine and chemokine responses to helminth and protozoan parasites and to fungus and mite allergens in neonates, children, adults, and the elderly

Immunity & Ageing

Carsten Köhler⁴  Meba Banla²  Abram Agossou¹  Peter T Soboslay³  Richard G Gantin³  Xiangsheng Huang⁴  Jana Hegewald⁴  Karl Komander⁴  Christian J Lechner⁴ 

[1] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Campus de Lomé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo;Centre Hospitalier Régional, Service Pédiatrie, Sokodé, Togo;Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Institut National d’Hygiène, Sokodé, Togo;Institute for Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, Tübingen 72074, Germany

关键词: Age groups;    Cellular response;    Chemokine;    Cytokine;    Parasite infection;    Protozoa;    Helminth;   

Others  :  814930
DOI  :  10.1186/1742-4933-10-29

 received in 2013-01-15, accepted in 2013-06-29,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

In rural sub-Saharan Africa, endemic populations are often infected concurrently with several intestinal and intravascular helminth and protozoan parasites. A specific, balanced and, to an extent, protective immunity will develop over time in response to repeated parasite encounters, with immune responses initially being poorly adapted and non-protective. The cellular production of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines in response to helminth, protozoan antigens and ubiquitous allergens were studied in neonates, children, adults and the elderly.

Results

In children schistosomiasis prevailed (33%) while hookworm and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar was found in up to half of adults and the elderly. Mansonella perstans filariasis was only present in adults (24%) and the elderly (25%). Two or more parasite infections were diagnosed in 41% of children, while such polyparasitism was present in 34% and 38% of adults and the elderly. Cytokine and chemokine production was distinctively inducible by parasite antigens; pro-inflammatory Th2-type cytokine IL-19 was activated by Entamoeba and Ascaris antigens, being low in neonates and children while IL-19 production enhanced “stepwise” in adults and elderly. In contrast, highest production of MIP-1delta/CCL15 was present in neonates and children and inducible by Entamoeba-specific antigens only. Adults and the elderly had enhanced regulatory IL-27 cytokine responses, with Th2-type chemokines (MCP-4/CCL13, Eotaxin-2/CCL24) and cytokines (IL-33) being notably inducible by helminth- and Entamoeba-specific antigens and fungus-derived allergens. The lower cellular responsiveness in neonates and children highlighted the development of a parasite-specific cellular response profile in response to repeated episodes of exposure and re-infection.

Conclusions

Following repeated exposure to parasites, and as a consequence of host inability to prevent or eliminate intestinal helminth or protozoa infections, a repertoire of immune responses will evolve with lessened pro-inflammatory and pronounced regulatory cytokines and chemokines; this is required for partial parasite control as well as for preventing inadequate and excessive host tissue and organ damage.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Lechner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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