Associations of adult physical activity with perceived safety and police-recorded crime: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Daniel A Rodríguez⁵  Fang Wen²  Aileen P McGinn⁴  Ana V Diez Roux¹  Richard Block³  Kelly R Evenson² 

[1] Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA;Department of Sociology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA;Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA;Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

关键词: Walking;    Social environment;    Safety;    Physical activity;    Leisure activities;    Geographic Information Systems;    Environment;    Crime;   

Others  :  811207
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-9-146

 received in 2012-02-17, accepted in 2012-12-11,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Due to the inconsistent findings of prior studies, we explored the association of perceived safety and police-recorded crime measures with physical activity.

Methods

The study included 818 Chicago participants of the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis 45 to 84 years of age. Questionnaire-assessed physical activity included a) transport walking; b) leisure walking; and c) non-walking leisure activities. Perceived safety was assessed through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Police-recorded crime was assessed through 2-year counts of selected crimes (total and outdoor incivilities, criminal offenses, homicides) per 1000 population. Associations were examined using generalized estimating equation logistic regression models.

Results

Perceiving a safer neighborhood was positively associated with transport walking and perceiving lower violence was associated with leisure walking. Those in the lowest tertile of total or outdoor incivilities were more likely to report transport walking. Models with both perceived safety and police-recorded measures of crime as independent variables had superior fit for both transport walking and leisure walking outcomes. Neither perceived safety nor police-recorded measures of crime were associated with non-walking leisure activity.

Conclusions

Perceived and police-recorded measures had independent associations with walking and both should be considered in assessing the impact of neighborhood crime on physical activity.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Evenson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Foster S, Giles-Corti B: The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: An exploration of inconsistent findings. Prev Med 2008, 47(3):241-251.
• [2]Loukaitou-Sideris A, Eck J: Crime prevention and active living. Am J Health Promotion 2007, 21(4 supplement):380-389.
• [3]Day K: Active living and social justice. J Am Plan Assoc 2006, 72(1):88-99.
• [4]Loukaitou-Sideris A: Is it safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and security considerations and their effects on walking. J Plan Lit 2006, 20(3):219-232.
• [5]McGinn A, Evenson K, Herring A, Huston S, Rodriguez D: The association of perceived and objectively measured crime with physical activity: A cross-sectional analysis. J Phys Act Health 2008, 5(1):117-131.
• [6]Block R, Block C: Decisions and data: The transformation of robbery incidents into robbery statistics. J Criminal Law Criminology 1980, 71(4):622-636.
• [7]Brownstein H: The social production of crime statistics. Justice Res Policy 2000, 2(2):73-90.
• [8]Mosher C, Miethe T, Phillips D: The Mismeasure of Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2002.
• [9]Kirtland K, Porter D, Addy C, Neet M, Williams J, Sharpe P, Neff L, Kimsey C Jr, Ainsworth B: Environmental measures of physical activity supports: perception versus reality. Am J Prev Med 2003, 24(4):323-331.
• [10]Wilson D, Kirtland K, Ainsworth B, Addy C: Socioeconomic status and perception of access and safety for physical activity. Ann Behavior Med 2004, 28(1):20-28.
• [11]Oh AY, Zenk SN, Wilbur J, Block R, McDevitt J, Wang E: Effects of perceived and objective neighborhood crime on walking frequency among midlife African American women in a home-based walking intervention. J Phys Act Health 2010, 7(4):432-441.
• [12]Piro F, Oyvind N, Claussen B: Physical activity among elderly people in a city population: the influence of neighborhood level violence and self perceived safety. J Epidemiol Comm Health 2006, 60:626-632.
• [13]Giles-Corti B, Timperio A, Bull F, Pikora T: Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: increased specificity for ecological models. Exercise Sport Sci Rev 2005, 33(4):175-181.
• [14]Bild D, Bluemke D, Burke G, Detrano R, Diez Roux A, Folsom A, Greenland P, Jacobs D Jr, Kronmal R, Liu K, et al.: Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 156(9):871-881.
• [15]Ainsworth B, Irwin M, Addy C, Whitt M, Stolarczyk L: Moderate physical activity patterns of minority women: the cross-cultural activity participation study. J Women Health Gender Based Med 1999, 8(6):805-813.
• [16]LaMonte M, Durstine J, Addy C, Irwin M, Ainsworth B: Physical activity, physical fitness, and Framingham 10-year risk score: the cross-cultural activity participation study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001, 21:63-70.
• [17]Henderson K, Ainsworth B: A synthesis of perceptions about physical activity among older African American and American Indian women. Am J Public Health 2003, 93(2):313-317.
• [18]Patterson P: Reliability, validity, and methodological response to the assessment of physical activity via self-report. Research Q Exercise Sport 2000, 71:15-20.
• [19]Echeverria S, Diez Roux A, Link B: Reliability of self-reported neighborhood characteristics. J Urban Health 2004, 81(4):682-701.
• [20]Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Morenoff JD, Raghunathan T: Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: from psychometrics to ecometrics. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 165(8):858-867.
• [21]Bennett GG, McNeill LH, Wolin KY, Duncan DT, Puleo E, Emmons KM: Safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and physical activity among public housing residents. PLoS Med 2007, 4(10):1599-1607.
• [22]Pichon LC, Arredondo EM, Roesch S, Sallis JF, Ayala GX, Elder JP: The relation of acculturation to Latinas’ perceived neighborhood safety and physical activity: a structural equation analysis. Ann Behav Med 2007, 34(3):295-303.
• [23]Sallis JF, King AC, Sirard JR, Albright CL: Perceived environmental predictors of physical activity over 6 months in adults: activity counseling trial. Health Psych 2007, 26(6):701-709.
• [24]King D: Neighborhood and individual factors in activity in older adults: results from the neighborhood and senior health study. J Aging Phys Act 2008, 16(2):144-170.
• [25]Tucker-Seeley RD, Subramanian SV, Li Y, Sorensen G: Neighborhood safety, socioeconomic status, and physical activity in older adults. Am J Prev Med 2009, 37(3):207-213.
• [26]Kamphuis CB, Mackenbach JP, Giskes K, Huisman M, Brug J, van Lenthe FJ: Why do poor people perceive poor neighbourhoods? The role of objective neighbourhood features and psychosocial factors. Health Place 2010, 16(4):744-754.
• [27]McDonald N: The effect of objectively measured crime on walking in minority adults. Am J Health Promot 2008, 22(6):433-436.
• [28]Roman C, Chalfin A: Fear of walking outdoors: A multilevel ecologic analysis of crime and disorder. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34(4):306-312.
• [29]Brantingham P, Brantingham P: Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. Eur J Criminal Policy Res 1995, 3:5-26.
• [30]Kenney D: Crime, Fear, and the New York City Subway. New York: Praeger; 1987.
• [31]Loukaitou-Sideris A, Liggett R, Iseki H: The geography of transit crime: Documentation and evaluation of crime incidence on and around the green line stations in Los Angeles. J Plann Educ Res 2002, 22:135-151.
• [32]Block R, Davis S: The environs of rapid transit stations: a focus for street crime or just another risky place? In Preventing Mass Transit Crime (Crime Prevention Studies, vol 6). Edited by Clarke R. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1996:238-257.
• [33]Block R, Block C: The Bronx and Chicago: street robbery in the environs of rapid transit stations. In Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers of Practice. Edited by Goldsmith V, McGuire P, Mollenkopf J, Ross T. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing; 2000:137-152.
• [34]Taylor R, Gottfredson S, Brower S: Block crime and fear: defensible space, local social ties, and territorial functioning. J Research Crime Delinquency 1984, 21:303-331.
• [35]Skogan W: Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral Decay in American Neighborhoods. Toronto: Free Press; 1990.
• [36]Weisburd D, Bruinsma G, Bernasco W: Putting Crime in Its Place: Units of Analysis in Geographic Criminology New York City,. New York City, NY: Springer Science and Business Media; 2009.
• [37]Nasar J, Fisher B: “Hot spots” of fear of crime: a multiple-method investigation. J Environ Psych 1993, 13:187-206.
• [38]Nasar J: Assessing perceptions of environments for active living. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34(4):357-363.