Preslaughter diet management in sheep and goats: effects on physiological responses and microbial loads on skin and carcass

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

George W McCommon¹  Will R Getz¹  Brou Kouakou¹  Jung Hoon Lee¹  Venkat R Gutta¹  Govind Kannan¹ 

[1] Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA

关键词: Sheep;    Physiology;    Goats;    E. coli contamination diet;   

Others  :  1139213
DOI  :  10.1186/2049-1891-5-42

 received in 2014-05-05, accepted in 2014-08-18,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Sixteen crossbred buck goats (Kiko x Spanish; BW = 32.8 kg) and wether sheep (Dorset x Suffolk; BW = 39.9 kg) were used to determine the effect of preslaughter diet and feed deprivation time (FDT) on physiological responses and microbial loads on skin and carcasses. Experimental animals were fed either a concentrate (CD) or a hay diet (HD) for 4 d and then deprived of feed for either 12-h or 24-h before slaughter. Blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol and blood metabolite analyses. Longisimus muscle (LM) pH was measured. Skin and carcass swabs were obtained to assess microbial loads. Plasma creatine kinase activity (863.9 and 571.7 ± 95.21 IU) and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (1,056.1 and 589.8 ± 105.01 mEq/L) were different (P < 0.05) between sheep and goats. Species and diet treatments had significant effects on the ultimate pH of LM. Pre-holding total coliform (TCC) and aerobic plate counts (APC) of skin were significantly different between species. Goats had lower (P < 0.05) TCC (2.1 vs. 3.0 log₁₀ CFU/cm²) and APC (8.2 vs. 8.5 log₁₀ CFU/cm²) counts in the skin compared to sheep. Preslaughter skin E. coli counts and TCC were different (P < 0.05) between species. Goats had lower (P < 0.05) counts of E. coli (2.2 vs. 2.9 log₁₀ CFU/cm²) and TCC (2.3 vs. 3.0 log₁₀ CFU/cm²) in the skin compared with those in sheep. Diet, species, and FDT had no effect (P > 0.05) on E. coli and TCC in carcass swab samples. The APC of carcass swab samples were only affected (P < 0.05) by the FDT. The results indicated that preslaughter dietary management had no significant changes on hormone and blood metabolite concentrations and sheep might be more prone for fecal contamination than goats in the holding pens at abattoir.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Kannan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Grau FH: Prevention of microbial contamination in the export beef abattoir. In Elimination of Pathogenic Organisms from Meat and Poultry. Edited by Smulders FJM. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1987:221-234.
• [2]McEvoy JM, Doherty AM, Finnerty M, Sheridan JJ, McGuire L, Blair IS, MacDowell DA, Harrington D: The relationship between hide cleanliness and bacterial numbers on beef carcasses at a commercial abattoir. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000, 30:390.
• [3]Reid CA, Small A, Avery S, Bunic S: Presence of food-borne pathogens on cattle hides. Food Control 2002, 13:411-415.
• [4]Kudva IT, Hunt CW, Williams CJ, Nance UM, Hovde CJ: Evaluation of dietary influences on Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding by sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:3878-3886.
• [5]Reid CA, Avery SM, Warriss PD, Buncic S: The effect of feed withdrawal on Escherichia coli shedding in beef cattle. Food Control 2002, 13:393-398.
• [6]Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, Elder RO, Genovese KJ, Bischoff KM, Poole TL, Jung YS, Harvey RB, Nisbe DJ: Preslaughter intervention strategies to reduce food-borne pathogens in food animals. J Anim Sci 2002, 81(E. Suppl. 2):E17-E23.
• [7]Jacobson HL, Tanya AN, Gregory NG, Bell RG, Roux GL, Haines JM: Effect of feeding pasture-finished cattle different conserved forages on Escherichia coli in the rumen and feces. Meat Sci 2002, 2002(62):93-106.
• [8]Byers FM, Schelling GT: Microbiology of the rumen and intestine. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. Edited by Church DC. NJ: Prentice Hall; 1988:125-171.
• [9]Allison MJ, Robinson IM, Dougherty RW, Bucklin JA: Grain overload in cattle and sheep: changes in microbial population in the cecum and rumen. Amer J Vet Res 1975, 36:181-185.
• [10]Gregory NG: Animal Welfare and Meat Science. NY, USA: CABI Pub; 1998.
• [11]Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, Elder RO, Genovese KJ, Bischoff KM, Poole TL, Jung YS, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ: Preslaughter intervention strategies to reduce food-borne pathogens in food animals. J Anim Sci 2003, 81(E. Suppl. 2):E17-E23.
• [12]Kannan G, Terrill TH, Kouakou B, Gazal OS, Gelaye S, Amoah EA, Samake S: Transportation of goats: Effect on physiological stress response and live weight loss. J Anim Sci 2000, 78:1450-1457.
• [13]Kirton AH, Moss RA, Talyor AG: Weight losses from milk and weaned lamb in mid Canterbury resulting from different lengths of starvation before slaughter. N Z J Agric Res 1971, 14:149-160.
• [14]Chillard Y, Doreau M, Bocquier F, Lobley GE: Digestive and metabolic adaptations of ruminants to variations in food supply. In Recent Developments in the Nutrition of Herbivores. Edited by Journet M, Grenet E, Farce MH, Theriez M, Demarquilly C. France: INRA Editions; 1995.
• [15]Silva JA, Patarata L, Martins C: Influence of ultimate pH on bovine meat tenderness during ageing. Meat Sci 1993, 52:453-459.
• [16]Lawrie RA: Metabolic stresses which affect muscle. In The Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as Food. Edited by Cassens EJ, Briskey RG, Trautman JC. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press; 1996:137-164.
• [17]Braggins TJ: Effect of stress-related changes in sheep meat ultimate pH on cooked odor and flavor. J Agri Food Chem 1996, 44:2352-2360.
• [18]Warriss PD: Antemorterm factors influencing the yield and quality of meat from farm animals. In Quality and Grading of Carcasses of Meat Animals. Edited by Morgan Jones SD. New York: CRC Press; 1995:1-15.
• [19]Murayama S, Moriya K, Saaki Y: Changing pattern of plasma cortisol level associated with feeding in sheep. Jpn J Zootech Sci 1986, 57:317-323.
• [20]Shorthose WR, Wythes JR: Transport of sheep and cattle. In 34th Int. Cong. Meat Sci. Technol., Part A. Brisbane, Australia; 1988.
• [21]Schaefer AL, Jones SDM, Stanley RW: The use of electrolyte solutions for reducing transport stress. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:258-265.
• [22]Knowles TG: A review of the road transport of cattle. Vet Rec 1999, 144:197-201.
• [23]Kouakou B, Gazal OS, Terrill TH, Kannan G, Galaye S, Amoah EA: Effects of plane of nutrition on blood metabolites and hormone concentration in goats [abstract]. J Anim Sci 1999, 77(Suppl.1):267.
• [24]Kannan G, Terrill TH, Kouakou B, Gelaye S, Amoah EA: Simulated preslaughter holding and isolation effects on stress responses and live weight shrinkage in meat goats. J Anim Sci 2002, 80:1771-1780.
• [25]Barroso FG, Alados CL, Boza J: Social hierarchy in the domestic goat: effect on food habits and production. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2000, 69:35-53.
• [26]Kannan G, Jenkins AK, Eega KR, Kouakou B, McCommon GW: Preslaugher spray-washing effects on physiological stress responses and skin and carcarss microbial counts in goat. Small Rumin Res 2007, 67:14-19.
• [27]FSIS-USDA: Pathogen reduction: hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems, final rule. Fed Reg 1996, 61:38805-38989.
• [28]The 3M Products: Manufacture’s Interpretation Guide. MN: The 3M Microbiology Products; 1999.
• [29]Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA: Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1996.
• [30]Romans JR, Costello WJ, Carlson CW, Greaser ML, Jones KW: The Meat We Eat. 13th edition. IL: Interstate publishers; 1994.
• [31]Wilson BW, Nieberg PS, Buhr RJ, Kelly BJ, Shultz FT: Turkey muscle growth and focal myopathy. Poult Sci 1990, 69:1553-1562.
• [32]Warriss PD, Bevis EA, Brown SN, Ashby JG: An examination of potential indices of fasting time in commercially slaughtered sheep. Br Vet J 1989, 145:242-248.
• [33]Bidner TD, Schupp AR, Montgomery RE, Carpenter JC Jr: Acceptability of beef finished on all-forage, forage plus-grain or high energy diets. J Anim Sci 1981, 53:1181-1187.
• [34]Bowling RA, Smith GC, Carpenter ZL, Dutson TR, Oliver WM: Comparison of forage-finished and grain-finished beef carcasses. J Anim Sci 1977, 45:209-215.
• [35]Melton SL, Amiri M, Davis GW, Backus WR: Flavor and chemical characteristics of ground beef from grass-, forage-grain- and grain-finished steers. J Anim Sci 1982, 55:77-87.
• [36]Immonem K, Puolanne E, Hissa K, Ruusunen M: Bovine muscle glycogen concentration in relation to finishing diet, slaughter and ultimate pH. Meat Sci 2000, 55:25-31.
• [37]Diaz MT, Velasco S, Caneque V, Lauzurica S, Ruiz de Huidoro F, Perez C, Gonzalez J, Manzanares C: Use of concentrate or pasture for fattening lambs and its effect on carcass and meat quality. Small Rumin Res 2002, 43:257-268.
• [38]Elder RO, Keen JE, Siragusa GR, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Koohmaraie M, Laegreid WW: Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000, 97:2999-3003.