Cigarette smoking worsens systemic inflammation in persons with metabolic syndrome

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Khurram Nasir¹  Raul D Santos²  Jose A Carvalho⁴  Theodore Feldman⁵  Raquel D Conceição⁴  Arthur S Agatston⁵  Roger S Blumenthal⁷  Michael J Blaha⁷  Emir Veledar²  John W McEvoy⁷  Don Parris³  Shozab S Ali⁶  Sameer Shaharyar⁶  Ehimen C Aneni⁶  Omar Jamal⁶ 

[1] Baptist Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA;Lipid Institute (Incor), Sao Paolo, Brazil;Center for Research and Grants, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA;Preventive Medical Center, Hospital Israelita, Sao Paolo, Brazil;Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA;Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA;The Ciccarone Preventive Cardiology Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA

关键词: Cardiovascular disease risk;    High sensitivity C-reactive protein;    Systemic inflammation;    Metabolic syndrome;    Cigarette smoking;   

Others  :  1120461
DOI  :  10.1186/1758-5996-6-79

 received in 2014-04-01, accepted in 2014-07-10,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Emerging data suggests that the combination of smoking and metabolic syndrome (MetS) markedly increases cardiovascular disease risk well beyond that of either condition. In this study we assess if this interaction can be explained by an additive increase in the risk of systemic inflammation by MetS and cigarette smoking.

Methods

We evaluated 5,503 healthy non-diabetic Brazilian subjects (mean age of 43 ± 10 years, 79% males). Participants were divided into sub-groups of smokers and non-smokers with or without MetS. High-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured to assess degree of underlying inflammation.

Results

Overall (19%) had hs-CRP > 3 mg/L. In adjusted regression analyses, compared to non-smokers, there was a 0.19 mg/L (95% CI: 0.05, 0.32) increase in hs-CRP among smokers in the entire population and 0.63 mg/L (95% CI: 0.26, 1.01) increase among smokers with MetS while there was no significant increase among smokers without MetS (β = 0.09 95% CI: -0.05, 0.24). In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, smokers compared to non-smokers were 55% more likely to have elevated hs-CRP in the entire population (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.92) and more than twice as likely to have elevated hs-CRP if they had MetS ( OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.01) while the risk was non-significant among those without MetS (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.69).

Conclusion

The study demonstrates an additive effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of systemic inflammation in MetS thus highlighting the need for determining smoking status among those with MetS and aggressively targeting smoking cessation in this population.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Jamal et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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