Effect of dairy fat on plasma phytanic acid in healthy volunteers - a randomized controlled study

Lipids in Health and Disease

Tine Tholstrup¹  Tue Drachmann²  Rikke A Petersen¹  Søren K Jensen³  Marianne Raff¹  Lars I Hellgren²  Louise B Werner¹ 

[1] Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark;Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark

关键词: glucose;    insulin;    C-reactive protein;    HDL cholesterol;    LDL cholesterol;    total cholesterol;    fatty acid;    absorption;    cow-feeding regime;    Phytanic acid;   

Others  :  1212621
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-511X-10-95

 received in 2011-04-29, accepted in 2011-06-10,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

Background

Phytanic acid produced in ruminants from chlorophyll may have preventive effects on the metabolic syndrome, partly due to its reported RXR and PPAR- α agonist activity. Milk from cows fed increased levels of green plant material, contains increased phytanic acid concentrations, but it is unknown to what extent minor increases in phytanic acid content in dairy fat leads to higher circulating levels of phytanic acid in plasma of the consumers.

Objective

To investigate if cow feeding regimes affects concentration of plasma phytanic acid and risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human.

Design

In a double-blind, randomized, 4 wk, parallel intervention study 14 healthy young subjects were given 45 g milk fat/d from test butter and cheese with 0.24 wt% phytanic acid or a control diet with 0.13 wt% phytanic acid. Difference in phytanic acid was obtained by feeding roughage with low or high content of chlorophyll.

Results

There tended to be a difference in plasma phytanic acid (P = 0.0730) concentration after the dietary intervention. Plasma phytanic acid increased significantly within both groups with the highest increase in control group (24%) compared to phytanic acid group (15%). There were no significant effects of phytanic acid on risk markers for the metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

The results indicate that increased intake of dairy fat modify the plasma phytanic acid concentration, regardless of cows feeding regime and the minor difference in dietary phytanic acid. Whether the phytanic acid has potential to affects the risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human still remain to be elucidated.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01343576

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Werner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Hellgren LI: Phytanic acid--an overlooked bioactive fatty acid in dairy fat? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, 1190:42-49.
• [2]Brown JP, Guam Mei, Gibberd FB, Burston D, Mayne PD, Jane EM: Margaret Sidey: Diet and Refsum disease. The determination of phytanic acid and phytol in certain foods and the application of this knowledge to the choice of suitable convenience foods for patients with Refsum disease. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics 1993, 6.
• [3]Xu J, Thornburg T, Turner AR, Vitolins M, Case D, Shadle J, Hinson L, Sun J, Liu W, Chang B, Adams TS, Zheng SL, Torti FM: Serum levels of phytanic acid are associated with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2005, 63:209-214.
• [4]McCarty MF: The chlorophyll metabolite phytanic acid is a natural rexinoid--potential for treatment and prevention of diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2001, 56:217-219.
• [5]Gloerich J, van Vlies N, Jansen GA, Denis S, Ruiter JPN, van Werkhoven MA, Duran M, Vaz FM, Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S: A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in mice both via PPAR{alpha}-dependent and -independent pathways. Journal of Lipid Research 2005, 46:716-726.
• [6]Heim M, Johnson J, Boess F, Bendik I, Weber P, Hunziker W, Fluhmann B: Phytanic acid, a natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, regulates glucose metabolism in rat primary hepatocytes. FASEB J 2002, 16:718-720.
• [7]Schluter A, Barbera MJ, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F: Phytanic acid, a novel activator of uncoupling protein-1 gene transcription and brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J 2002, 362:61-69.
• [8]Ellinghaus P, Wolfrum C, Assmann G, Spener F, Seedorf U: Phytanic acid activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in sterol carrier protein 2-/sterol carrier protein x-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:2766-2772.
• [9]Kitareewan S, Burka LT, Tomer KB, Parker CE, Deterding LJ, Stevens RD, Forman BM, Mais DE, Heyman RA, McMorris T, Weinberger C: Phytol metabolites are circulating dietary factors that activate the nuclear receptor RXR. Mol Biol Cell 1996, 7:1153-1166.
• [10]Lemotte PK, Keidel S, Apfel CM: Phytanic acid is a retinoid X receptor ligand. Eur J Biochem 1996, 236:328-333.
• [11]Allen NE, Grace PB, Ginn A, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Appleby PN, Key T: Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2008, 99:653-659.
• [12]Price AJ, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Benetou V, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Palli D, Sieri S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Donate I, Gonzalez CA, Sanchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Larranaga N, Khaw KT, Rodwell S, Gallo V, Michaud DS, Riboli E, Key TJ: Plasma phytanic acid concentration and risk of prostate cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1769-1776.
• [13]Dewhurst RJ, Fisher WJ, Tweed JK, Wilkins RJ: Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production responses with different levels of concentrate. J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2598-2611.
• [14]Grummer RR: Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat. J Dairy Sci 1991, 74:3244-3257.
• [15]Jenkins TC, McGuire MA: Major advances in nutrition: impact on milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:1302-1310.
• [16]Lock AL, Bauman DE: Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health. Lipids 2004, 39:1197-1206.
• [17]Lough AK: The phytanic acid content of the lipids of bovine tissues and milk. Lipids 1977, 12:115-119.
• [18]Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Nigg D, Wettstein HR, Scheeder MR: A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in cows' milk of alpine origin. Lipids 2005, 40:191-202.
• [19]Walter Vetter, Markus Schröder: Concentrations of phytanic acid and pristanic acid are higher in organic than in conventional dairy products from the German market. Food Chemestry 2011, 119:746-752.
• [20]Smedman AE, Gustafsson IB, Berglund LG, Vessby BO: Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:22-29.
• [21]Wolk A, Vessby B, Ljung H, Barrefors P: Evaluation of a biological marker of dairy fat intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 68:291-295.
• [22]Wolk A, Furuheim M, Vessby B: Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and serum lipids are valid biological markers of dairy fat intake in men. J Nutr 2001, 131:828-833.
• [23]Tholstrup T, Hellgren LI, Petersen M, Basu S, Straarup EM, Schnohr P, Sandstrom B: A solid dietary fat containing fish oil redistributes lipoprotein subclasses without increasing oxidative stress in men. J Nutr 2004, 134:1051-1057.
• [24]Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS: A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipides from Animal Tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1957, 226:497-509.
• [25]Baxter JH: Absorption of chlorophyll phytol in normal man and in patients with Refsum's disease. J Lipid Res 1968, 9:636-641.
• [26]van den Brink DM, Wanders RJ: Phytanic acid: production from phytol, its breakdown and role in human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006, 63:1752-1765.
• [27]Al-Dirbashi OY, Santa T, Rashed MS, Al-Hassnan Z, Shimozawa N, Chedrawi A, Jacob M, Al-Mokhadab M: Rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for routine analysis of plasma pristanic, phytanic, and very long chain fatty acid markers of peroxisomal disorders. J Lipid Res 2008, 49:1855-1862.
• [28]Pedersen AN, Fagt S, Groth MV, Christensen T, Biltoft-Jensen A, Matthiessen J, Andersen NL, Kørup K, Hartleopp H, Ygil KH, Hinsch HJ, Saxholt E, Trolie E: Dietary habits in Denmark 2003-2008. Rosendahls - Schultz Grafisk A/S; 2010:1-196.
• [29]Tang XH, Suh MJ, Li R, Gudas LJ: Cell proliferation inhibition and alterations in retinol esterification induced by phytanic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Journal of Lipid Research 2007, 48:165-176.