Adult tobacco use practice and its correlates in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Harm Reduction Journal

Sibhatu Biadgilign³  Daniel Kotz²  Ayalu Alex Reda¹ 

[1] Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138 Harar, Ethiopia;CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands;Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

关键词: Correlates;    Population;    Rural;    Attitude;    Practice;    Ethiopia;    Cigarettes;    Tobacco;    Smoking;   

Others  :  809822
DOI  :  10.1186/1477-7517-10-28

 received in 2011-08-27, accepted in 2013-10-27,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

There is paucity of data on the smoking habits of rural populations in developing countries. This study aimed to explore cigarette smoking practices of a rural community in Ethiopia.

Methods

A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 548 individuals from a random sample of households in a rural town and its surrounding rural districts. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed.

Results

Twenty-eight percent (95% CI: 24.3% - 31.6%) of the respondents were current smokers. A total of 105 (68%) smokers expressed an interest to quit while 37 (34%) had tried to quit previously but without success. There was high exposure to second-hand smoke: 285 (52%) homes allowed indoor smoking, and in 181 (33%) indoor smoking took place daily. Current smoking was strongly associated with male sex (OR = 83.0; 95% CI: 11.5 – 599.0), and being a student was found to be protective of smoking (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.005 – 0.05).

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking is prevalent among the male rural town population in Ethiopia. In addition, a high level of exposure to indoor second-hand smoke exists. There is a need for investment in rural tobacco control, including educational campaigns and cost-effective smoking cessation services.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Reda et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Jha P, Chaloupka FJ: Tobacco control in developing countries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2000.
• [2]Ossip-klein , Fisher S, Diaz S, Quinones Z, Sierra E, Dozier A, Mcintosh S, Guido J, Winters P, Diaz O, Armstrognt L-T: Tobacco use in six economically disadvantaged communities in the Dominical Republic. Nicotine Tob Res 2008, 10:851-860.
• [3]WHO: Report on global tobacco epidemic. 2008.
• [4]Slama K: Global perspective on tobacco control. Part I. The global state of the tobacco epidemic. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis 2008, 12:3-7.
• [5]Warren CW, Jones NR, Peruga A, Chauvin J, Baptiste J-P, de Silva VC, el Awa F, Tsouros A, Rahman K, Fishburn B, et al.: Global youth tobacco surveillance, 2000–2007. MMWR 2008, 57:1-21.
• [6]Venkat Narayan KM, Ali MK, Koplan JP: Global non communicable diseases - where worlds meet. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1196-1198.
• [7]Murray CJL, Lopez AD: Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997, 349:1498-1504.
• [8]WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty BMJ 2003, 327:154-157.
• [9]Fong GT, Cummings KM, Borland R, Hastings G, Hyland A, Giovino GA, Hammond D, Thompson ME: The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project. Tob Control 2006, 15:iii3-iii11.
• [10]Melaku K, Aderaye G: Chronic respiratory diseases in Ethiopia. In Epidemiology and Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia. Edited by Berhane Y, Haile-Mariam D, Kloos H. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2005.
• [11]Kebede Y: Cigarette smoking and Khat chewing among college students in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 2002, 16:9-17.
• [12]Kebede Y: Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among university instructors in Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 2002, 79:274-278.
• [13]CSA: Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census results. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia; 2008.
• [14]Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen SN, Jamjoum L: Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control 2003, 12:e4.
• [15]Assefa N, Berhane Y, Worku A: Predictors of Unintended Pregnancy in Kersa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2010. Reprod Health 2012., 9
• [16]Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS), Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Core questionnaire with Optional Questions 2008. World Health Organization (WHO)
• [17]Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson WD: Methods of sampling and estimation of sample size. In Methods in observational epidemiology. 2nd edition. Edited by Kelsey JL WA, Evans AS, Thompson WD. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996:311-340.
• [18]Schoenmaker N, Hermanides J, Davey G: Prevalence and predictors of smoking in Butajira town, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 2005, 19:182-187.
• [19]Pampel F: Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: Estimates from the demographic health surveys. Soc Sci Med 2008, 66:1772-1783.
• [20]Fakhfakh R, Hsairi M, Maalej M, Achour N, Nacef T: Tobacco use in Tunisia: behavior and awareness. Bull World Health Organ 2002, 80:350-356.
• [21]Alam AY, Iqbal A, Mohammad KB, Laporte RE, Ahmed A, Nishtar S: Investigating socio-economic-demographic determinants of tobacco use in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2008., 8
• [22]Macro CSAoEaO: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro, and Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia; 2005.
• [23]Jagoe K, Edwards R, Mugusi F, Whiting D, Unwin N: Tobacco smoking in Tanzania, East Africa: population based smoking prevalence using expired alveolar carbon monoxide validation tool. Tob Control 2002, 11:210-214.
• [24]Walraven GE, Nyan OA, Van Der Sande MA, Banya WA, Ceesay SM, Milligan PJ, McAdam KP: Asthma, smoking and chronic cough in rural and urban adult communities in The Gambia. Clin Exp Allergy 2001, 31:1679-1685.
• [25]Storr L, Cheng H, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Bruffaerts R, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Gureje O, Karam EG, Kostyuchenko S, et al.: Smoking estimates from around the world: data from the first 17 participating countries in the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Tob Control 2010, 19:65-74.
• [26]Escoffery C, Kegler MC, Butler S: Formative research on creating smoke-free homes in rural communities. Health Educ Res 2009, 24:76-86.
• [27]Edelstein M, Pitchforth E, Asres G, Silverman M, Kulkarni N: Awareness of health effects of cooking smoke among women in the Gondar Region of Ethiopia: a pilot survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2008., 8
• [28]Law MR, Hackshaw AK: Environmental tobacco smoke. Br Med Bull 1996, 52:22-34.
• [29]Schuster M, Frank T, Pham CB: Smoking patterns of household members and visitors in homes with children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002, 156:1094-1100.
• [30]Obot IS: The use of tobacco products among Nigerian adults: a general populaiton survey. Drug Alcohol Dependency 1990, 26:203-208.
• [31]UNDP: The real wealth of nations: Pathways to human development. Human development report 2010 20th edition. 2010.
• [32]Djibuti M, Gotsadze G, Mataraze G, Zoidze A: Influence of household demographic and socio-economic factors on household expenditure on tobacco in six New Independent States. BMC Public Health 2007., 7
• [33]de Beyer J, Lovelace C, Yurkli A: Poverty and tobacco. Tob Control 2001, 10:210-211.
• [34]Girma E, Tsion A, Deribew A: Cigarette smoker's intention to quit smoking in Dire Dawa town Ethiopia: an assessment using the Transtheoretical Model. BMC Public Health 2010., 10