Comparison of salivary and plasma adiponectin and leptin in patients with metabolic syndrome

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Yuichi Izumi³  Sroisiri Thaweboon¹  Hisashi Watanabe⁴  Supanee Thanakun² 

[1] Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;Dental Center, Golden Jubilee Medical Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;Global Center of Excellence Program for Tooth and Bone Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bangkok, Japan;Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

关键词: Metabolic syndrome;    Leptin;    Adiponectin;    Plasma;    Saliva;   

Others  :  805351
DOI  :  10.1186/1758-5996-6-19

 received in 2013-09-02, accepted in 2014-02-10,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The relationship of saliva with plasma protein levels makes saliva an attractive diagnostic tool. Plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in healthy individuals or diabetes mellitus patients have been previously reported. Nevertheless, salivary levels of these adipocytokines in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) have never been investigated. This study was aimed to determine adiponectin and leptin levels in saliva and plasma from patients with metabolic syndrome, and evaluate any correlation of these levels with MS.

Methods

Forty-six healthy and 82 MS patients were enrolled. Demographic data and blood biochemistries were recorded. Saliva and plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

Adiponectin and leptin were higher in plasma than in saliva (p < .001). Plasma adiponectin was decreased and plasma leptin increased in patients with MS (p < .001). Salivary adiponectin and salivary leptin were not different between healthy subjects and MS patients (p = .619 and p = .523). Correlation between salivary and plasma adiponectin showed significant association (r = .211, p = .018) while salivary and plasma leptin had no correlation (r = -.161, p = .069). Significant correlation was observed between the salivary adiponectin/salivary leptin ratio and plasma adiponectin (r = .371, p < .001), but not with any component of MS. Increased triglyceride and waist circumference were associated with risk of having a low level of plasma adiponectin (OR = 1.009; 95% CI 1.002–1.015 and OR = 1.125; 95% CI 1.029–1.230). For leptin, body mass index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with a high level of plasma leptin (OR = 1.621; 95% CI 1.212–2.168 and OR = .966; 95% CI .938–.996). The OR for MS as predicted by plasma adiponectin was .928 (95% CI .881-.977).

Conclusions

This study showed that salivary adiponectin and leptin do not correlate with MS. Although correlation between salivary and plasma adiponectin was observed, no association with MS was observed. Only plasma adiponectin may be useful for the prediction of MS.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Thanakun et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Gavrila D, Salmeron D, Egea-Caparros JM, Huerta JM, Perez-Martinez A, Navarro C, Tormo MJ: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in murcia region, a Southern European mediterranean area with low cardiovascular risk and high obesity. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:562. BioMed Central Full Text
• [2]Gronner M, Bosi P, Carvalho A, Casale G, Contrera D, Pereira M, Diogo T: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with educational inequalities among Brazilian adults: a population-based study. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011, 44:713-719.
• [3]Lohsoonthorn V, Lertmaharit S, Williams M: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among professional and office workers in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2007, 90:1908-1915.
• [4]Riediger N, Clara I: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Canadian adult population. CMAJ 2011, 183:E1127-E1134.
• [5]Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G: Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011, 9:48. BioMed Central Full Text
• [6]Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I: Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:29-33.
• [7]Brooks N, Moore K, Clark R, Perfetti M, Trent C, Combs T: Do low levels of circulating adiponectin represent a biomarker or just another risk factor for the metabolic syndrome? Diabetes Obes Metab 2007, 9:246-258.
• [8]Mantzoros CS, Magkos F, Brinkoetter M, Sienkiewicz E, Dardeno TA, Kim S-Y, Hamnvik O-PR: Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol 2011, 301:E567-E584.
• [9]Özçelik E, Uslu S, Kebapçı N, Kara M, Dokumacıoğlu A, Musmul A: Interrelations of serum leptin levels with adrenocorticotropic hormone, basal cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndrome: Clin Res Rev 2010, 4:13-17.
• [10]Qasim A, Mehta N, Tadesse M, Wolfe M, Rhodes T, Girman C, Reilly M: Adipokines, insulin resistance, and coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:231-236.
• [11]Schipper R, Silletti E, Vingerhoeds M: Saliva as research material: biochemical, physicochemical and practical aspects. Arch Oral Biol 2007, 52:1114-1135.
• [12]Randeva H, Karteris E, Lewandowski K, Sailesh S, O'Hare P, Hillhouse E: Circadian rhythmicity of salivary leptin in healthy subjects. Mol Genet Metab 2003, 78:229-235.
• [13]Toda M, Tsukinoki R, Morimoto K: Measurement of salivary adiponectin levels. Acta Diabetol 2007, 44:20-22.
• [14]Jaedicke K: Salivary Adipokine Concentrations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. IADR AADR CADR 89th general session and exhibition 2011. March 16–19
• [15]Thanakun S, Watanabe H, Thaweboon S, Izumi Y: An effective technique for the processing of saliva for the analysis of leptin and adiponectin. Peptides 2013, 47:60-65.
• [16]Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart J-C, James WPT, Loria CM, Smith SC: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation 2009, 120:1640-1645.
• [17]Mamali I, Roupas ND, Armeni AK, Theodoropoulou A, Markou KB, Georgopoulos NA: Measurement of salivary resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levels. Peptides 2012, 33:120-124.
• [18]Akuailou E-N, Vijayagopal P, Imrhan V, Prasad C: Measurement and validation of the nature of salivary adiponectin. Acta Diabetol 2013, 50:727-730.
• [19]Williamson S, Munro C, Pickler R, Grap MJ, Elswick JR: Comparison of biomarkers in blood and saliva in healthy adults. Nurs Res Prac 2012, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/246178 webcite
• [20]Fernandez-Botran R, Miller JJ, Burns VE, Newton TL: Correlations among inflammatory markers in plasma, saliva and oral mucosal transudate in post-menopausal women with past intimate partner violence. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:314-321.
• [21]Aydin S, Halifeoglu I, Ozercan I, Erman F, Kilic N, Ilhan N, Ozkan Y, Akpolat N, Sert L, Caylak E: A comparison of leptin and ghrelin levels in plasma and saliva of young healthy subjects. Peptides 2005, 26:647-652.
• [22]Gröschl M, Rauh M, Wagner R, Neuhuber W, Metzler M, Tamgüney G, Zenk J, Schoof E, Dörr HG, Blum WF, et al.: Identification of leptin in human saliva. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:5234-5239.
• [23]Schapher M, Wendler O, Gröschl M, Schäfer R, Iro H, Zenk J: Salivary leptin as a candidate diagnostic marker in salivary gland tumors. Clin Chem 2009, 55:914-922.
• [24]King GA, Deemer SE, Thompson DL: Adiponectin is associated with risk of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in women. Acta Diabetol 2012, 49(Suppl 1):S41-S49.
• [25]Kim J-Y, Ahn SV, Yoon J-H, Koh S-B, Yoon J, Yoo B-S, Lee S-H, Park J-K, Choe K-H, Guallar E: Prospective study of serum adiponectin and incident metabolic syndrome: the ARIRANG study. Diabetes Care 2013, 36:1547-1553.
• [26]Kim DH, Kim C, Ding EL, Townsend MK, Lipsitz LA: Adiponectin levels and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2013, 62:27-32.
• [27]Chiu F-H, Chuang CH, Li W-C, Weng Y-M, Fann W-C, Lo H-Y, Sun C, Wang S-H: The association of leptin and C-reactive protein with the cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome score in Taiwanese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11:40. BioMed Central Full Text
• [28]Wannamethee SG, Tchernova J, Whincup P, Lowe GDO, Kelly A, Rumley A, Wallace AM, Sattar N: Plasma leptin: associations with metabolic, inflammatory and haemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2007, 191:418-426.
• [29]Wang Z, Zhuo Q, Fu P, Piao J, Tian Y, Xu J, Yang X: Are the associations of plasma leptin and adiponectin with type 2 diabetes independent of obesity in older Chinese adults? Diabetes/Metab Res 2010, 26:109-114.
• [30]Vega GL, Grundy SM: Metabolic risk susceptibility in Men is partially related to adiponectin/leptin ratio. J Obes 2013, 2013:9.
• [31]Izadi V, Farabad E, Azadbakht L: Epidemiologic evidence on serum adiponectin level and lipid profile. Int J Of Preventive Med 2013, 4:133-140.
• [32]Kawamoto R, Tabara Y, Kohara K, Miki T, Kusunoki T, Takayama S, Abe M, Katoh T, Ohtsuka N: Relationships between lipid profiles and metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and serum high molecular adiponectin in Japanese community-dwelling adults. Lipids Health Dis 2011, 10:79. BioMed Central Full Text
• [33]Mojiminiyi O, Abdella N, Arouj M, Nakhi A: Adiponectin, insulin resistance and clinical expression of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Inter J Obes 2007, 31:213-220.
• [34]Kim SY, Lee SJ, Park HK, Yun JE, Lee M, Sung J, Jee SH: Adiponectin is associated with impaired fasting glucose in the Non-diabetic population. Epidemiol and Health 2011, 33:e2011007.
• [35]Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Grundy SM: The influence of age and body mass index on the metabolic syndrome and its components. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008, 10:246-250.
• [36]Worachartcheewan A, Nantasenamat C, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Pidetcha P, Prachayasittikul V: Lower BMI cutoff for assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Thai population. Acta Diabetol 2010, 47:91-96.
• [37]Schutte AE, Huisman HW, Schutte R, van Rooyen JM, Malan L, Fourie CMT, Malan NT: Adipokines and cardiometabolic function: How are they interlinked? Regul Pept 2010, 164:133-138.
• [38]Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Maeda N, Kuriyama H, Nagaretani H, Matsuda M, Kondo H, Furuyama N, Kihara S, et al.: Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes 2002, 51:2734-2741.
• [39]Webb DR, Khunti K, Chatterjee S, Jarvis J, Davies MJ: Adipocytokine associations with insulin resistance in british South Asians. Exp Diabetes Res 2013, 2013:7.
• [40]Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Sallam R: Adipocytokine profiles as influenced by insulin resistance in obese subjects. Diabetes & Metab Syndr: Clin Res & Rev 2009, 3:79-83.
• [41]Li S, Shin H, Ding E, RM vD: Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009, 302:179-188.
• [42]Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Rashidi A, Mokhtari M, Nakhjavani M: Association of serum leptin levels with homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: the key role of central obesity. Metab Syndr and Relat Disord 2009, 7:447-452.
• [43]Nakashima R, Yamane K, Kamei N, Nakanishi S, Kohno N: Low serum levels of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin predict the development of metabolic syndrome in Japanese-Americans. J Endocrinol Invest 2011, 34:615-619.