Design and descriptive epidemiology of the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project, a longitudinal calf cohort study in western Kenya

BMC Veterinary Research

Mark EJ Woolhouse²  JAW Coetzer¹  Olivier Hanotte⁶  Philip G Toye³  Mary Ndila Mbole-Kariuki⁶  Ilana Conradie¹  Amy Jennings⁵  Ian Graham Handel⁵  Olga Tosas Auguet⁴  Henry Kiara³  Elizabeth Jane Poole³  Samuel Mwangi Thumbi²  Barend Mark de Clare Bronsvoort⁵ 

[1] Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa;Centre for Immunology, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK;ILRI, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London and Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK;University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

关键词: Study design;    Epidemiology;    Cohort;    Longitudinal study;    Kenya;    Infectious disease;    Cattle;   

Others  :  1119467
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-6148-9-171

 received in 2013-01-24, accepted in 2013-08-23,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

There is a widely recognised lack of baseline epidemiological data on the dynamics and impacts of infectious cattle diseases in east Africa. The Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project is an epidemiological study of cattle health in western Kenya with the aim of providing baseline epidemiological data, investigating the impact of different infections on key responses such as growth, mortality and morbidity, the additive and/or multiplicative effects of co-infections, and the influence of management and genetic factors.

A longitudinal cohort study of newborn calves was conducted in western Kenya between 2007-2009. Calves were randomly selected from all those reported in a 2 stage clustered sampling strategy. Calves were recruited between 3 and 7 days old. A team of veterinarians and animal health assistants carried out 5-weekly, clinical and postmortem visits. Blood and tissue samples were collected in association with all visits and screened using a range of laboratory based diagnostic methods for over 100 different pathogens or infectious exposures.

Results

The study followed the 548 calves over the first 51 weeks of life or until death and when they were reported clinically ill. The cohort experienced a high all cause mortality rate of 16% with at least 13% of these due to infectious diseases. Only 307 (6%) of routine visits were classified as clinical episodes, with a further 216 reported by farmers. 54% of calves reached one year without a reported clinical episode. Mortality was mainly to east coast fever, haemonchosis, and heartwater. Over 50 pathogens were detected in this population with exposure to a further 6 viruses and bacteria.

Conclusion

The IDEAL study has demonstrated that it is possible to mount population based longitudinal animal studies. The results quantify for the first time in an animal population the high diversity of pathogens a population may have to deal with and the levels of co-infections with key pathogens such as Theileria parva. This study highlights the need to develop new systems based approaches to study pathogens in their natural settings to understand the impacts of co-infections on clinical outcomes and to develop new evidence based interventions that are relevant.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Bronsvoort et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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