Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Stef PJ Kremers¹  Nanne K De Vries²  Carel Thijs⁵  Thomas G Power⁴  Sheryl O Hughes³  Kathleen B Watson³  Teresia M O’Connor³  Ester FC Sleddens¹ 

[1] Maastricht University, Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;Maastricht University, Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/USDA Children’s Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;Department of Human Development, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644852, Pullman, WA 99164-4852, USA;Maastricht University, Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

关键词: Validation;    Parent personality;    Questionnaire development;    General parenting;    Children;    Body mass index;   

Others  :  805446
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-11-15

 received in 2013-02-20, accepted in 2014-02-06,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Despite the large number of parenting questionnaires, considerable disagreement exists about how to best assess parenting. Most of the instruments only assess limited aspects of parenting. To overcome this shortcoming, the “Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire” (CGPQ) was systematically developed. Such a measure is frequently requested in the area of childhood overweight.

Methods

First, an item bank of existing parenting measures was created assessing five key parenting constructs that have been identified across multiple theoretical approaches to parenting (Nurturance, Overprotection, Coercive control, Behavioral control, and Structure). Caregivers of 5- to 13-year-olds were asked to complete the online survey in the Netherlands (N = 821), Belgium (N = 435) and the United States (N = 241). In addition, a questionnaire regarding personality characteristics (“Big Five”) of the caregiver was administered and parents were asked to report about their child’s height and weight. Factor analyses and Item-Response Modeling (IRM) techniques were used to assess the underlying parenting constructs and for item reduction. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relations between general parenting and personality of the caregivers, adjusting for socio-economic status (SES) indicators, to establish criterion validity. Multivariate linear regressions were performed to examine the associations of SES indicators and parenting with child BMI z-scores. Additionally, we assessed whether scores on the parenting constructs and child BMI z-scores differed depending on SES indicators.

Results

The reduced questionnaire (62 items) revealed acceptable fit of our parenting model and acceptable IRM item fit statistics. Caregiver personality was related as hypothesized with the GCPQ parenting constructs. While correcting for SES, overprotection was positively related to child BMI. The negative relationship between structure and BMI was borderline significant. Parents with a high level of education were less likely to use overly forms of controlling parenting (i.e., coercive control and overprotection) and more likely to have children with lower BMI. Based on several author review meetings and cognitive interviews the questionnaire was further modified to an 85-item questionnaire.

Conclusions

The GCPQ may facilitate research exploring how parenting influences children’s weight-related behaviors. The contextual influence of general parenting is likely to be more profound than its direct relationship with weight status.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Sleddens et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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