Non-suicidal self-injury, youth, and the Internet: What mental health professionals need to know

Chinese Medicine

Jamie M Duggan²  Natalie J Michal¹  Nancy L Heath²  Stephen P Lewis¹ 

[1] Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1Y2, Canada

关键词: Intervention;    Assessment;    Monitoring;    Triggers;    Risks;    E-communities;    Online activity;    Internet;    Youth;    Non-suicidal self-injury;   

Others  :  791418
DOI  :  10.1186/1753-2000-6-13

 received in 2011-11-17, accepted in 2012-02-07,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) content and related e-communication have proliferated on the Internet in recent years. Research indicates that many youth who self-injure go online to connect with others who self-injure and view others’ NSSI experiences and share their own through text and videos platforms. Although there are benefits to this behaviour in terms of receiving peer support, these activities can introduce these young people to risks, such as NSSI reinforcement through the sharing of stories and strategies, as well as, risks for triggering of NSSI urges. Due to the nature of these risks mental health professionals need to know about these risks and how to effectively assess adolescents’ online activity in order to adequately monitor the effects of the purported benefits and risks associated with NSSI content. This article offers research informed clinical guidelines for the assessment, intervention, and monitoring of online NSSI activities. To help bridge the gap between youth culture and mental health culture, these essentials include descriptions of Community, Social Networking, and Video/Photo Sharing websites and the terms associated with these websites. Assessment of these behaviours can be facilitated by a basic Functional Assessment approach that is further informed using specific recommended online questions tailored to NSSI online and an assessment of the frequency, duration, and time of day of the online activities. Intervention in this area should initially assess readiness for change and use motivational interviewing to encourage substitution of healthier online activities for the activities that may currently foster harm.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Lewis et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Rideout V, Foehr UG, Roberts DF: Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2010.
• [2]Lenhart A, Madden M: Social networking websites and teens: An overview. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project; 2007.
• [3]Lenhart A: Teens and Social Media: An Overview. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life; 2009.
• [4]Borzekowski D, Schenk S, Wilson J, Peebles R: e-Ana and e-Mia: A content analysis of pro-eating disorder Web sites. Am J Public Health 2010, 100(Suppl 8):1526-1534.
• [5]Mitchell K, Ybarra M: Online behavior of youth who engage in self-harm provides clues for preventive intervention. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted To Practice And Theory 2007, 45(Suppl 5):392-396.
• [6]Shaffer H, Hall M, Vander Bilt J: 'Computer addiction': A critical consideration. Am J Orthopsychiat 2000, 70(Suppl 2):162-168.
• [7]Whitlock J, Purington A, Gershkovich M: Media, the internet, and nonsuicidal self-injury. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009:139-155.
• [8]Duggan JM, Heath NL, Lewis SP, Baxter AL: An examination of the scope and nature of non-suicidal self-injury online activities: Implications for school mental health professionals. School Mental Healthin press
• [9]Lewis SP, Baker TG: The possible risks of self-injury web sites: a content analysis. Arch Suicide Res 2011, 15(Suppl 4):390-396.
• [10]Lewis SP, Heath NL, St Denis J, Noble R: The scope of nonsuicidal self-injury on YouTube. Pediatrics 2011, 127(Suppl 3):e552-e557.
• [11]Rodham K, Gavin J, Miles M: I hear, I listen and I care: a qualitative investigation into the function of a self-harm message board. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007, 37(Suppl 4):422-430.
• [12]Whitlock JL, Powers JL, Eckenrode J: The virtual cutting edge: The internet and adolescent self-injury. Dev Psychol 2006, 42(Suppl 3):407-417.
• [13]Nock MK, Favazza AR: Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009:9-18.
• [14]Jacobson CM, Gould M: The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 2007, 11:129-147.
• [15]Lloyd-Richardson EE, Perrine N, Dierker L, Kelley ML: Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychol Med 2007, 37(Suppl 8):1,183-1,192.
• [16]Nock MK, Joiner TE, Gordon KH, Lloyd-Richardson E, Prinstein MJ: Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res 2006, 144(Suppl 1):65-72.
• [17]Glenn C, Klonsky E: Social context during non-suicidal self-injury indicates suicide risk. Pers Indiv Differ 2009, 46(Suppl 1):25-29.
• [18]Lenhart A, Madden M, Hitlin P: Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life; 2005.
• [19]Lenhart A, Madden M, Macgill AR, Smith A, Lenhart A, Madden M, Macgill AR, Smith A: Teens and social media: The use of social media gains a greater foothold in teen life as they embrace the conversational nature of interactive online media. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project; 2007.
• [20]Rodham K, Hawton K: Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009:37-62.
• [21]Heath NL, Baxter AL, Toste JR, McLouth R: Adolescents’ willingness to access school-based support for nonsuicidal self-injury. Can J Sch Psychol 2010, 25(Suppl 3):260-276.
• [22]Sornberger MJ, Heath NL, Lewis SP: The Digital Butterfly Effect: Knowledge Transfer and NSSI Research. New York; 2011.
• [23]Lewis SP, Rosenrot S, Messner M, Davis M: I have a question: What do people ask about self-injury online?. New York; 2011.
• [24]Lewis SP, Rosenrot S, Messner M: Seeking validation in unlikely places: What people ask about non-suicidal self-injury online, under review.
• [25]Bargh JA, McKenna KYA, Fitzsimons GM: Can you see the real me? activation and expression of the "true self" on the internet. J Soc Iss 2002, 58(Suppl 1):33-48.
• [26]McKenna KYA, Green AS, Gleason MEJ: Relationship formation on the internet: What's the big attraction? J Soc Iss 2002, 58(Suppl 1):9-31.
• [27]Klonsky ED, Muehlenkamp JJ, Lewis SP, Walsh B: Nonsuicidal self-injury. Cambridge: Hogrefe Publishing; 2011:92. vi
• [28]Johnson GM, Zastawny S, Kulpa A: E-message boards for those who self-injure: Implications for e-health. Int J Ment Heal Addict 2010, 8(Suppl 4):566-569.
• [29]Whitlock J, Lader W, Conterio K: The internet and self-injury: What psychotherapists should know. J Clin Psychol 2007, 63(Suppl 11):1135-1143.
• [30]Lewis SP, Heath NL, Sornberger M, Arbuthnott A: Helpful or harmful? An examination of viewers' responses to non-suicidal self-injury videos on YouTube. J Adol Healthin press
• [31]Lewis SP, Rodham K, Gavin J, St Denis J: Once you start, you can’t stop: Is self-injury an addiction?. New York; 2011.
• [32]Baker TG, Lewis SP: Attitudes toward Online Photographs of Non-suicidal Self-Injury: A Thematic Analysis. under review
• [33]Kress VE, Hoffman RM: Non-suicidal self-injury and motivational interviewing: Enhancing readiness for change. J Ment Health Couns 2008, 30(Suppl 4):311-329.
• [34]Griffiths MD, Meredith A: Videogame addiction and its treatment. J Contemp Psychother 2009, 2009(39):247-253.
• [35]Prochaska JO, Velicer WF: The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot 1997, 12:38-48.
• [36]Miller WR, Rollnick S: Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York: Guildford Press; 1991.