Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water samples from Southeast Asia: towards an integrated water detection system

Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Veeranoot Nissapatorn⁸  Yvonne A. L. Lim⁸  Tian-Chye Tan⁸  Nongyao Sawangjaroen⁷  Binh Nhu Do³  Raxsina Polseela⁹  Boonyaorn Yuttayong⁴  Sucheep Phiriyasamith⁵  Jitbanjong Tangpong⁶  Julieta Z. Dungca¹  Norbel Tabo²  Hazel A. L. Tabo²  Cristina C. Salibay²  Hemah Andiappan⁸  Narong Jaturas⁹  Subashini Onichandran⁸  Mohamad Azlan Abd Majid⁸  Thulasi Kumar⁸ 

[1] School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines;Biological Science Department, College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Dasmariñas, Philippines;Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Road, Phuc La Ward, Ha Dong District, Hanoi, Vietnam;Regional Medical Sciences Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand;Graduate School, Kasem Bundit University, Bangkok, Thailand;School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand;Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

关键词: Southeast Asia;    Real-time polymerase chain reaction;    Microscopy;    Physicochemical;    Giardia lamblia;    Cryptosporidium parvum;   

Others  :  1235701
DOI  :  10.1186/s40249-016-0095-z

 received in 2015-06-25, accepted in 2016-01-04,  发布年份 2016

【 摘 要 】

Background

Access to clean and safe drinking water that is free from pathogenic protozoan parasites, especially Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia that cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, is still an issue in Southeast Asia (SEA). This study is the first attempt to detect the aforementioned protozoan parasites in water samples from countries in SEA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays.

Methods

A total of 221 water samples of 10 l each were collected between April and October 2013 from Malaysia (53), Thailand (120), the Philippines (33), and Vietnam (15). A physicochemical analysis was conducted. The water samples were processed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s methods 1622/1623.1, microscopically observed and subsequently screened using qPCR assays.

Results

Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10), with a concentration of 0.06 ± 0.19 oocyst/L, and untreated water samples from Thailand (25/93), Malaysia (17/44), and the Philippines (11/23), with concentrations ranging from 0.13 ± 0.18 to 0.57 ± 1.41 oocyst/L. Giardia cysts were found in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10), with a concentration of 0.02 ± 0.06 cyst/L, and in untreated water samples from Thailand (20/93), Vietnam (5/10), Malaysia (22/44), and the Philippines (16/23), with concentrations ranging from 0.12 ± 0.3 to 8.90 ± 19.65 cyst/L. The pathogens C. parvum and G. lamblia were detected using using qPCR assays by targeting the 138-bp fragment and the small subunit gene, respectively. C. parvum was detected in untreated water samples from the Philippines (1/23) and Malaysia (2/44), whilst, G. lamblia detected was detected in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10) and in untreated water samples from Thailand (21/93), Malaysia (12/44), and the Philippines (17/23). Nitrate concentration was found to have a high positive correlation with (oo)cyst (0.993).

Conclusion

The presence of (oo)cysts in the water samples means that there is potential risk for zoonotic disease transmission in the studied countries. Detection using qPCR is feasible for quantifying both pathogenic C. parvum and G. lamblia in large water samples.

【 授权许可】

   
2016 Kumar et al.

【 图 表 】

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

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