Emergence of biopharmaceutical innovators in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa as global competitors and collaborators

Health Research Policy and Systems

Peter A Singer⁴  Abdallah S Daar⁴  Sarah E Frew¹  Anita M McGahan³  Rahim Rezaie² 

[1] TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, Malvern, PA, USA;Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada;Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;Sandra Rotman Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Suite 406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada

关键词: Qualitative research;    Entrepreneurship;    Globalization;    Biopharmaceuticals;    Pharmaceuticals;    Biotechnology;    Emerging markets;    Innovation;   

Others  :  809983
DOI  :  10.1186/1478-4505-10-18

 received in 2011-11-07, accepted in 2012-06-06,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Biopharmaceutical innovation has had a profound health and economic impact globally. Developed countries have traditionally been the source of most innovations as well as the destination for the resulting economic and health benefits. As a result, most prior research on this sector has focused on developed countries. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on emerging markets by analyzing factors that influence innovative activity in the indigenous biopharmaceutical sectors of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Using qualitative research methodologies, this paper a) shows how biopharmaceutical innovation is taking place within the entrepreneurial sectors of these emerging markets, b) identifies common challenges that indigenous entrepreneurs face, c) highlights the key role played by the state, and d) reveals that the transition to innovation by companies in the emerging markets is characterized by increased global integration. It suggests that biopharmaceutical innovators in emerging markets are capitalizing on opportunities to participate in the drug development value chain and thus developing capabilities and relationships for competing globally both with and against established companies headquartered in developed countries.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Rezaie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lado AA, Vozikis GS: Transfer of technology to promote entrepreneurship in developing countries: An integration and proposed framework. ET&P 1996, 21:55-72.
• [2]Daar AS, Singer PA: The Grandest Challenge: Taking Life-saving Science from Lab to Village. , Doubleday Canada; 2011.
• [3]Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, Orbinski J, Laing R, Ford N: Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 2002, 359(9324):2188-94.
• [4]Kyle MK, McGahan AM: Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and After TRIPS. RESTATForthcoming
• [5]Lanjouw JO, Cockburn IM: New Pills for Poor People? Empirical Evidence after GATT. World Dev 2001, 29(2):265-89.
• [6]Frew SE, Liu V, Singer PA: A Business Plan To Help The ‘Global South’ In Its Fight Against Neglected Diseases. Health Aff 2009, 28(6):1760.
• [7]Rezaie R, Singer PA: Global health or global wealth? Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28(9):907-9.
• [8]Marshall C, Rossman G: Designing Qualitative research. 3rd edition. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks; 1999.
• [9]Rezaie R, Frew SE, Sammut SM, Maliakkal MR, Daar AS, Singer PA: Brazilian health biotech–fostering crosstalk between public and private sectors. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26(6):627-44.
• [10]Frew SE, Sammut SM, Shore AF, Ramjist JK, Al-Bader S, Rezaie R, Daar AS, Singer PA: Chinese health biotech and the billion-patient market. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26(1):37-53.
• [11]Frew SE, Rezaie R, Sammut SM: India’s health biotech sector at a crossroads. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25(4):403-17.
• [12]Al-Bader S, Frew SE, Essajee I: Small but tenacious: South Africa’s health biotech sector. Nat Biotechnol 2009, 27(5):427-45.
• [13]Henderson R, Orsenigo L, Pisano G: The pharmaceutical industry and the revolution in molecular biology: Interactions among scientific, institutional and organizational change, In Sources of industrial leadership: studies of seven industries. Edited by Mowery DC, Nelson RR. Cambride University Press, Cambridge; 1999:267-311.
• [14]Hafner T, Popp D: China and India as suppliers of affordable medicines to developing countries, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17249. NBER 2011. [http://www.nber.org/papers/w17249] webcite
• [15]Chaudhuri S: Multinationals and Monopolies; Pharmaceutical Industry in India After TRIPS. , ; 2011. [http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js19026en] webcite
• [16]Chittoor R, Ray S, Aulakh PS, Sarkar MB: Strategic responses to institutional changes: ‘Indigenous growth’ model of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. JIM 2008, 14:252-69.
• [17]Natesh S, Bhan MK: Biotechnology sector in India: strengths, limitations, remedies and outlook. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2):157.
• [18]Milstien JB, Gaul P, Kaddar M: Access to vaccine technologies in developing countries: Brazil and India. Vaccine 2007, 25(44):7610-9.
• [19]Li X: The Impact of Higher Standards in Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical Industries under the TRIPS Agreement - A Comparative Study of China and India. World Econ 2008, 36:1367-82. [http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/research-papers/2008/en_GB/rp2008-36/] webcite
• [20]Zhou EY: Vaccine Development in China. Biopharm Int 2007, 20(4):2-5. [http://www.bioplanassociates.com/publications/articles/VACCINES_China_Zhou_Apr07_ChinaB.pdf] webcite
• [21]Pereira FB: A Biominas Study of the Brazilian Biotechnology Companies. , ; 2007.
• [22]Zhou P, Leydesdorff L: The emergence of China as aleading nation in science. Res Policy 2006, 35(1):83-104.
• [23]Science and Engineering Indicators, 2010. A National Science Board Publication. , ; . [www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind10)] webcite
• [24]Simon DF, Cao C: China’s Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-end Talent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1999.
• [25]Weisburst S, Scherer F: Economic Effects of Strengthening Pharmaceutical Patent Protection in Italy. Int’l Rev Ind Prop & Copyright L 1995, 26(6):1009-1024.
• [26]La Croix S, Kawaura A: Product patent reform and its impact on Korea’s pharmaceutical industry. Int Econ J 1996, 10(1):109-124.
• [27]Kortum S, Lerner J: What is behind the recent surge in patenting? Res. Pol. 1999, 28(1):1.
• [28]Hall B: The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry, 1979–1995. RAND J Econ 2001, 32(1):101-128.
• [29]Sakakibara M: Do stronger patents induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese patent law reforms. RAND J Econ 2001, 32(1):77-100.
• [30]Kanwar S, Evenson R: Does intellectual property protection spur technological change? Oxford Econ. Pap. 2003, 55(2):235.
• [31]Moser P: How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century world’s fairs. Amer. Econ. Rev. 2005, 95(4):1214-1236.
• [32]Levin R, Klevorick A, Nelson R, Winter S, Gilbert R, Griliches Z: Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development. Brookings PapEcon Act 1987, 3:783-831.
• [33]Scherer F, Weisburst S: Economic effects of strengthening pharmaceutical patent protection in Italy. Int’l Rev Ind Prop & Copyright L 1995, 26(6):1009-1024.
• [34]Noguès J: Social costs and benefits of introducing patent protection for pharmaceutical drugs in developing countries. Dev Econ 1993, 31(1):24-53.
• [35]Ward M, Dranove D: The vertical chain of research and development in the pharmaceutical industry. Econ Inquiry 1995, 33:70-70.
• [36]Finkelstein A: Static and Dynamic Effects of Health Policy: Evidence from the Vaccine Industry. QJE 2004, 119(2):527-564.
• [37]Chadha A, Oriani R: R&D market value under weak intellectual property rights protection: the case of India. Scientometrics 2010, 82(1):59-74.
• [38]Zhang YP, Deng MM: Enforcing pharmaceutical and biotech patent rights in China. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26(11):1235-40.
• [39]Rongping M: The innovation risk of enterprises need to be shared via incentive policies and the development of public infrastructure to support innovation. UNESCO Science Report 378, 378-99. [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/prospective-studies/unesco-science-report/unesco-science-report-2010/] webcite
• [40]de Brito Cruz, C Chaimovich H: Industrial R&D still suffers from a lack of government support, even though the situation has improved radically over the past eight years. UNESCO Science Report 2010, 103:103-21. [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/prospective-studies/unesco-science-report/unesco-science-report-2010/] webcite
• [41]Mani S: The main challenge facing the country will be to improve both the quality and quantity of S&T Personnel. UNESCO Science Report 2010, 362-77.
• [42]OECD Report; Science, Technology and Industry Outlook. , ; 2008. [http://www.oecd.org/document/19/0,3746,en_2649_37417_46680723_1_1_1_37417,00.html] webcite
• [43]UNESCO Science Report. , ; 2010. [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/prospective-studies/unesco-science-report/unesco-science-report-2010/] webcite