The effect of agility exercise on eicosanoid excretion, oxidant status, and plasma lactate in dogs

BMC Veterinary Research

Erica C McKenzie¹  Elena Gorman¹  Jennifer J Warnock¹  Bernadette Stang¹  Anna M Firshman²  Wendy I Baltzer¹ 

[1] Departments of Clinical Sciences (Baltzer, Firshman, Stang, Warnock, McKenzie) and Biomedical Sciences (Gorman), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA;Present address: 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

关键词: Thromboxane B₂;    Urinary eicosanoids;    Oxidant stress;    Plasma lactate;    Urinary isoprostane;    Dog;    Agility exercise;   

Others  :  1119638
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-6148-8-249

 received in 2012-09-29, accepted in 2012-12-19,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

The objective was to determine the effects of agility exercise on dogs of different skill levels with respect to urinary eicosanoids, urinary 15F_2t-isoprostane (lipid peroxidation marker) and hematological/biochemical changes in plasma. Fifteen adult dogs had blood and urine samples obtained prior to, immediately and 4-hours following an agility exercise.

Results

Hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), albumin, and hemoglobin increased following exercise, with greatest increases correlating to increased skill group (novice, intermediate, masters); at 4-hours post-exercise, hematocrit, RBC, and hemoglobin were decreased. Phosphorus increased following exercise with the greatest increase in novice and intermediates. Plasma lactate increased 3.6-fold in masters, 3.2-fold in intermediates, and 1.2-fold in novice dogs. Urine thromboxane B₂ (TXB2) more than tripled 4-hours post-exercise while 6-keto prostaglandin F_1α (PGF1α, prostacyclin metabolite), prostaglandin E₂ metabolites (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin A₂ and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E₂), and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F_2α were unaffected as determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay and standardized by division with urine creatinine. Urine 15F_2t-isoprostane increased insignificantly.

Conclusions

Alterations in the plasma post-exercise were likely due to hemoconcentration from insensible water loss, splenic contraction and sympathetic stimulation while 4-hours later autohemodilution reduced RBC parameters. Elevations in plasma lactate and urinary TXB2 correlated with advanced skill level/speed of the dogs.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Baltzer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Agility Association USD: Official Rules and Regulations of United States Dog Agility Association, Inc. Edited by Gauntt J, Taylor J. Richardson, TX: United States Dog Agility Association, Inc; 2004:71. [vol. 1]
• [2]Levy M, Hall C, Trentacosta N, Percival M: A preliminary retrospective survey of injuries occurring in dogs participating in canine agility. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009, 22(4):321-324.
• [3]Rovira S, Munoz A, Benito M: Hematologic and biochemical changes during canine agility competitions. Vet Clin Pathol 2007, 36(1):30-35.
• [4]Rovira S, Munoz A, Benito M: Fluid and electrolyte shifts during and after Agility competitions in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2007, 69(1):31-35.
• [5]Ji LL, Leichtweis S: Exercise and oxidative stress: sources of free radicals and their impact on antioxidant systems. Age 1997, 20:91-106.
• [6]McAnulty SR, Hosick PA, McAnulty LS, Quindry JC, Still L, Hudson MB, Dibarnardi AN, Milne GL, Morrow JD, Austin MD: Effect of pharmacological lowering of plasma urate on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007, 32(6):1148-1155.
• [7]Mallat Z, Philip I, Lebret M, Chatel D, Maclouf J, Tedgui A: Elevated levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha in pericardial fluid of patients with heart failure: a potential role for in vivo oxidant stress in ventricular dilatation and progression to heart failure. Circulation 1998, 97(16):1536-1539.
• [8]Morrow JD, Roberts LJ: The isoprostanes: unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation. Prog Lipid Res 1997, 36(1):1-21.
• [9]Rietjens SJ, Beelen M, Koopman R, VANL LJ, Bast A, Haenen GR: A single session of resistance exercise induces oxidative damage in untrained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007, 39(12):2145-2151.
• [10]Pilacik B, Nofer TW, Wasowicz W: F2-isoprostanes biomarkers of lipid peroxidation: their utility in evaluation of oxidative stress induced by toxic agents. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2002, 15(1):19-27.
• [11]Child R, Brown S, Day S, Donnelly A, Roper H, Saxton J: Changes in indices of antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation and inflammation in human skeletal muscle after eccentric muscle actions. Clin Sci 1999, 96(1):105-115.
• [12]Mastaloudis A, Leonard SW, Traber MG: Oxidative stress in athletes during extreme endurance exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2001, 31(7):911-922.
• [13]Hinchcliff KW, Reinhart GA, DiSilvestro R, Reynolds A, Blostein-Fujii A, Swenson RA: Oxidant stress in sled dogs subjected to repetitive endurance exercise. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61(5):512-517.
• [14]Camus G, Deby-Dupont G, Duchateau J, Deby C, Pincemail J, Lamy M: Are similar inflammatory factors involved in strenuous exercise and sepsis? Intensive Care Med 1994, 20(8):602-610.
• [15]Barton MH, Williamson L, Jacks S, Norton N: Effects on plasma endotoxin and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64(6):754-761.
• [16]McMichael MA, Ruaux CG, Baltzer WI, Kerwin SC, Hosgood GL, Steiner JM, Williams DA: Concentrations of 15F2t isoprostane in urine of dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Am J Vet Res 2006, 67(7):1226-1231.
• [17]Baltzer WI, McMichael MA, Ruaux CG, Noaker L, Steiner JM, Williams DA: Measurement of urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 excretion in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. Am J Vet Res 2006, 67(1):78-83.
• [18]Hollander M, Wolfe DA: Nonparametric Statistical Methods. 2nd edition. New York, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 1999.
• [19]Alessio HM, Hagerman AE, Fulkerson BK, Ambrose J, Rice RE, Wiley RL: Lipid and protein oxidation after exhaustive aerobic and isometric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32:1576-1581.
• [20]Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Baskin CR, Hayek MG, Burr JR, Swenson RA: Effect of dietary supplements containing antioxidants on attenuation of muscle damage in exercising sled dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61(11):1438-1445.
• [21]Baskin CR, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro R, Reinhart GA, Hayek MG, Chew BP, Burr JR, Swenson RA: Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on oxidative damage during prolonged exercise in sled dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:886-891.
• [22]Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A, Douroudos II, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Margonis K, Michailidis Y, Vantarakis A, Taxildaris K, Katrabasas I, et al.: Time-course of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status responses following a soccer game. J Strength Cond Res 2010, 24(12):3278-3286.
• [23]Thomas AC, McLean SG, Palmieri-Smith RM: Quadriceps and hamstrings fatigue alters hip and knee mechanics. J Appl Biomech 2010, 26(2):159-170.
• [24]Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL, Alkjaer T, Suetta C, Mortensen P, Kjaer M, Aagaard P: Acute fatigue impairs neuromuscular activity of anterior cruciate ligament-agonist muscles in female team handball players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011, 21(6):833-840.
• [25]Soffler C, Campbell VL, Hassel DM: Measurement of urinary F2-isoprostanes as markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation: a comparison of enzyme immunoassays with chas chromatography-mass spectrometry in domestic species. Vet Diagn Invest 2010, 22:200-209.
• [26]Schuster DP, Kozlowski JK, McCarthy T, Morrow J, Stephenson A: Effect of endotoxin on oleic acid lung injury does not depend on priming. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91(5):2047-2054.
• [27]Walker TG, Chan DL, Freeman LM, Milbury PE, Blumberg JB: Serial determination of biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in dogs with naturally occuring gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2007, 17(3):250-256.
• [28]Urso ML, Clarkson PM: Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology 2003, 189(1–2):41-54.
• [29]Pasquini A, Luchetti E, Cardini G: Evaluation of oxidative stress in hunting dogs during exercise. Res Vet Sci 2010, 89(1):120-123.
• [30]Munoz A, Riber C, Santisteban R, Aquera EI, Castejon FM: Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations in horses competing in cross-country events. J Vet Med Sci 1999, 59:747-750.
• [31]Gaesser GA, Poole DC: Lactate and ventilatory thersholds: disparity in time course of adaptations to training. J Appl Physiol 1986, 61:999-1004.
• [32]Rose RJ, Boomberg MS: Responses to sprint exercise in the greyhound: effects on haematology, serum biochemistry and muscle metabolites. Res Vet Sci 1989, 47:212-218.
• [33]Nold JL, Peterson LJ, Fedde MR: Physiological changes in the running greyhound (canis domesticus): influence of race length. Comp Biochem physiol 1991, 100A(3):623-627.
• [34]pieschl RL, Toll PW, Leith DE, Peterson LJ, Fedde MR: Acid-base changes in the running greyhound: contributing variables. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73(6):2297-2304.
• [35]Hill RC, Lewis DD, Scott KC, Omori M, Jackson M, Sundstrom DA, Jones GL, Speakman JR, Doyle CA, Butterwick RF: Effect of increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate on performance and body composition in racing Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62(3):440-447.
• [36]Steiss J, Ahmad HA, Cooper P, Ledford C: Physiologic responses of healthy Laborador retrievers during field trial training and competition. J Vet Intern Med 2004, 18:147-151.
• [37]Steiss JE, Wright JC: Respiratory alkalosis and primary hypocapnia in Laborador retrievers participating in field trials in high-ambient-temperature conditions. Am J Vet Res 2008, 69(10):1262-1267.
• [38]Matwichuck CL, Taylor S, Shmon CL, Kass PH, Shelton GD: Changes in rectal temperature and hematologic, biochemical, blood gas, and acid-base values in healthy labrador Retrievers before and after strenuous exercise. Am J Vet Res 1999, 60(1):88-92.
• [39]Guy PS, Snow DH: Skeletal muscle fibre composition in the dog and its relationship to athletic ability. Res Vet Sci 1981, 31:244-248.
• [40]Essen B, Jansson E, Henriksson J, Taylor AW, Saltin B: Metabolic characteristics of fibe types in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1975, 95(2):153-165.
• [41]Saltin B: Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. Med Sci Sports 1973, 5(3):137-146.
• [42]Snow DH, Guy PS: Muscle fibre type composition of a number of limb muscles in different types of horse. Res Vet Sci 1980, 28(2):137-144.
• [43]Evans DL, Harris RC, Snow DH: correlation of racing performance with blood lactate and heart rate after exercise in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1993, 25(5):441-445.
• [44]Bishop D, Jenkins DG, McEniery M, Carey MF: Relationship between plasma lactate parameters and muscle characteristics in female cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32(3):1088-1093.
• [45]Kuwahara H, Horie T, Ishikawa S, Tsuda C, Kawakami S, Noda Y, Kaneko T, Tahara S, Tachibana T, Okabe M, et al.: Oxidative stress in skeletal muscle causes severe disturbance of exercise activity without muscle atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2010, 48(9):1252-1262.
• [46]Reid MB: Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radic Biol Med 2008, 44(2):169-179.
• [47]Reid MB, Haack KE, Franchek KM, Valberg PA, Kobzik L, West MS: Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. I. Intracellular oxidant kinetics and fatigue in vitro. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73(5):1797-1804.
• [48]Kelly MK, Wicker RJ, Barstow TJ, Harms CA: Effects of N-acetylcysteine on respiratory muscle fatigue during heavy exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009, 165(1):67-72.
• [49]Murphy KT, Medved I, Brown MJ, Cameron-Smith D, McKenna MJ: Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine regulates mammalian skeletal muscle Na+-K+-ATPase alpha gene expression during repeated contractions. Exp Physiol 2008, 93:1239-1248.
• [50]Lindinger MI, McKelvie RS, Heigenhauser GJF: K+ and Lac- distribution in humans during and after high-intensity exercise: role in muscle fatigue attenuation? J Appl Physiol 1995, 78(3):765-777.
• [51]Yoshikawa T, Mori S, Santiesteban AJ, Sun TC, Hafstad E, Chen J, Burr DB: The effects of muscle fatigue on bone strain. J Exp Biol 1994, 188:217-233.
• [52]Milgrom C, Radeva-Petrova DR, Finestone A, Nyska M, Mendelson S, Benjuya N, Simkin A, Burr D: The effect of muscle fatigue on in vivo tibial strains. J Biomech 2007, 40:845-850.
• [53]Chamberlain KG, Tong M, Penington DG: Properties of the exchangeable splenic platelets released into the circulation during exercise-induced thrombocytosis. Am J Hematol 1990, 34(3):161-168.
• [54]Schmidt KG, Rasmusson JW: Exercise induced change in the vivo distribution of in-labeled platelets. Scand J Haematol 1984, 32:159-166.
• [55]Ahmadizad S, El-Sayed MS, Maclaren DP: Responses of platelet activation and function to a single bout of resistance exercise and recovery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2006, 35(1–2):159-168.
• [56]Ilkiw JE, Davis PE, Church DB: Hematologic, biochemical, blood-gas, and acid-base values in Greyhounds before and after exercise. Am J Vet Res 1989, 50:583-586.
• [57]Brun JF: Exercise hemorheology as three acts play with metabolic actors: Is it of clinical relevance? Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2002, 26:155-174.
• [58]Brun JF, Khaled S, Raynaud E, Bouix D, Micallef JP, Orsetti A: The triphasic effects of exercise on blood rheology: which relevance to physiology and pathophysiology? Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 1998, 19(2):89-104.
• [59]Ernst E, Daburger L, Saradeth T: The kinetics of blood rheology during and after prolonged standardized exercise. Clin Hemorheol 1991, 11:429-439.
• [60]Mitten LA, Hinchcliff KW, Pate JL, Kohn CW, McKeever KH: Effect of exercise intensity on plasma prostaglandin concentrations in horses. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56(1):122-126.
• [61]Todd MK, Goldfarb AH, Boyer BT: Effect of exercise intensity on 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 ratios. Thromb Res 1992, 65(4–5):487-493.
• [62]Catella F, Reilly MP, Delanty N, Lawson JA, Moran N, Meagher E, FitzGerald GA: Physiological formation of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha in vivo is not affected by cyclooxygenase inhibition. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1995, 23:233-236.
• [63]Chiabrando C, Rivoltella L, Alberti E, Bonollo M, Djurup R, Fanelli R: Urinary excretion and origin of 11-dehydro-2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 in man. Prostaglandins 1993, 45(5):401-411.