Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae challenge in swine: diagnostic of lung alterations by infrared thermography

BMC Veterinary Research

Isabel Hennig-Pauka¹  Jutta Verspohl²  Karl-Heinz Waldmann⁵  Hermann Seifert³  Robert Graage¹  Doris Hoeltig⁵  Melanie Gundlach⁵  Carsten Siewert³  Martin Beyerbach⁴  Anne Menzel⁵ 

[1] Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany;Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany;Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany;Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15Aff105, Hannover, D-30173, Germany

关键词: Respiratory tract disease;    Regional temperature differences;    Skin surface temperature;    Diagnostic method;    Aerosol challenge;    Computed tomography;    Imaging techniques;    Infrared thermography;   

Others  :  1118996
DOI  :  10.1186/s12917-014-0199-2

 received in 2014-01-28, accepted in 2014-08-15,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pp.) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia leading to high economic losses in the pig industry. Infrared thermography (IRT) of the thorax might offer a new method to select swine with lung alterations for further diagnostics.

In this study 50 german landrace pigs were infected with A.pp. in an established model for respiratory tract disease, while 10 healthy pigs served as control animals. To avoid drift errors during IR measurements absolute skin temperatures and temperature differences between a thoracal and an abdominal region were assessed for its diagnostic validity.

Results

IRT findings during the course of experimental A.pp.-infection were verified by computed tomography (CT) before and on days 4 and 21 after infection. Significant correlations were found between clinical scores, CT score and lung lesion score. Ambient temperature, body temperature and abdominal surface temperature were factors influencing the skin surface temperature of the thorax. On day 4 but not on day 21 after infection the right thoracal temperature was significantly higher and the difference between a thoracal region in the height of the left 10th vertebra and an abdominal region was significantly lower in infected pigs than in control pigs. At a cut off of 28°C of right thoracal temperature the specificity of the method was 100% (CI 95%: 69-100%) and the sensitivity 66% (CI 95%: 51-79%).

At a cut off of 2°C temperature difference between thoracal and abdominal region on the left body site the specificity of the method was 100% (CI 95%: 69-100%) and the sensitivity 32% (CI 95%: 19-47%) with all control pigs detected negative.

Orientation for lung biopsy by IRT resulted in 100% specificity and sensitivity (CI 95%: 69-100%) of bacteriological examination of tissue samples during the acute stage of infection.

Conclusion

IRT might be a valuable tool for the detection of inflammatory lung alterations in pigs, especially during the acute stage of infection and if ambient temperatures are constant during individual measurements. External and internal factors interfere with this method, so that its application in the field might be restricted to a selection of pigs for further diagnostic with adequate specificity.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Menzel et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Opriessnig T, Giménez-Lirola LG, Halbur PG: Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2011, 12:133-148.
• [2]Hansen MS, Pors SE, Jensen HE, Bille-Hansen V, Bisgaard M, Flachs EM, Nielsen OL: An Investigation of the pathology and pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in Denmark. J Comp Pathol 2010, 143:120-131.
• [3]Hensel A, Ganter M, Kipper S, Krehon S, Wittenbrink MM, Petzoldt K: Prevalence of aerobic bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy pigs. Am J Vet Res 1994, 55:1697-1702.
• [4]Sorensen V, Jorsal SE, Mousing J: Diseases of the respiratory system. In Diseases of Swine. 9th edition. Edited by Straw BE, Zimmerman JJ, Allaire SD, Taylor DJ. Blackwell Publishing, Washington; 2006:149-177.
• [5]Brauer C, Hoeltig D, Hennig-Pauka I, Beyerbach M, Gasse H, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Gerlach GF, Waldmann KH: Computed tomography of the pig lung: an innovative approach to the definition of the pulmonary health status. Tierärztl Prax G 2011, 39:205-214.
• [6]Brauer C, Hennig-Pauka I, Hoeltig D, Buettner FF, Beyerbach M, Gasse H, Gerlach GF, Waldmann KH: ExperimentalActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaechallenge in swine: Comparison of computed tomographic and radiographic findings during disease.BMC Vet Res 2012, 8. online publication: doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-47.
• [7]Heinritzi K, Beisl J: Untersuchungen zur Verwendbarkeit der Sonographie beim Schwein. Dtsch tierärztl Wschr 1995, 102:4-15.
• [8]Hoeltig D, Hennig-Pauka I, Beyerbach M, Thies K, Rehm T, Gerlach GF, Waldmann KH: Comparison of the diagnostic significance of clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic results after an experimental aerosol infection of pigs with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008, 121:422-431.
• [9]Reinhold P, Rabeling B, Guenther H, Schimmel D: Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and lung function testing with the clinical sings and pathology of calves inoculated experimentally with Pasteurella multocida. Vet Rec 2002, 150:109-114.
• [10]Siewert C, Dänicke S, Kersten S, Brosig B, Rohweder D, Beyerbach M, Seifert H: Difference method for analysing infrared images in pigs with elevated body temperatures. Z Med Phys 2014, 24:1.
• [11]Benutzerhandbuch VarioCAM high resolution, Stand. 2009.
• [12]Rich PB, Dulabon GR, Douillet CD, Listwa TM, Robinson WP, Zarzaur BL, Pearlstein R, Katz LM: Infrared thermography: a rapid, portable, and accurate technique to detect experimental pneumothorax. J Surg Res 2004, 120:163-170.
• [13]Schweinitz D: Thermographic diagnostics in equine back pain. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999, 15:161-177.
• [14]Tunley BV, Henson FM: Reliability and repeatability of thermographic examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the horse. Equine Vet J 2004, 36:306-312.
• [15]Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Church JS, Basarab J, Perry B, Miller C, Tong AK: The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves. Res Vet Sci 2007, 83:376-384.
• [16]Savary P, Hauser R, Osse P, Jungbluth T, Gygax L, Wechsler B: Eignung der Thermographie zur Erfassung von Entzündungen an den Gliedmaßen von Mastschweinen. Dtsch tierärztlWschr 2008, 115:324-329.
• [17]Siewert C, Hoeltig D, Brauer C, Seifert H, Hennig-Pauka I: Medical infrared imaging of the porcine thorax for diagnosis of lung pathologies. In Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 2010 Vancouver. Edited by D’Allaire S, Friendship R. Vancoiuver: 663. Volume II.
• [18]Fikackova H, Ekberg E: Can infrared thermography be a diagnostic tool for arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004, 98:643-650.
• [19]So YT, Aminoff MJ, Olney RK: The role of thermography in the evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathy. Neurology 1989, 39:1154-1158.
• [20]Kateb B, Yamamoto V, Yu C, Grundfest W, Gruen JP: Infrared thermal imaging: a review of the literature and case report. Neuroimage 2009, 47:T154-T126.
• [21]Zaproudina N, Varmavuo V, Airaksinen O, Naerhi M: Reproducibility of infrared thermography measurements in healthy individuals. Physiol Meas 2008, 29:515-524.
• [22]Huygen FJ, Niehof S, Klein J, Zijlstra FJ: Computer-assisted skin videothermography is a highly sensitive quality tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004, 91:516-524.
• [23]Henssge C, Madea B, Benecke M, Berg S, Geyh MA, Karger B, Krause D, Lignitz E, Rothschild MA: Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. In Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin. Edited by Brinkmann B, Madea B. Springer, Berlin; 2004:102.
• [24]Roehlinger P: Zur Anwendung der Infrarottechnik in der Veterinärmedizin. Arch Exper Vet med 1979, 33:851.
• [25]Leiner G, Franz B, Strutzberg K, Gerlach GF: A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxII antigen for diagnosis of pleuropneumonia in pig herds. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999, 6:630-632.
• [26]Jacobsen M, Nielsen J, Nielsen R: Comparison of virulence of different Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes and biotypes using an aerosol infection model. Vet Microbiol 1996, 49:159-168.
• [27]Maas A, Jacobsen ID, Meens J, Gerlach GF: Use of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae multiple mutant as a vaccine that allows differentiation of vaccinated and infected animals. Infect Immun 2006, 74:4124-4132.
• [28]Hoeltig D, Hennig-Pauka I, Thies K, Rehm T, Beyerbach M, Strutzberg-Minder K, Gerlach GF, Waldmann KH: A novel Respiratory Health Score (RHS) supports a role of acute lung damage and pig breed in the course of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. BMC Vet Res 2009, 5:14. BioMed Central Full Text
• [29]Diakides NA, Bronzino JD: Medical Infrared Imaging. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 2008.
• [30]Hannan PC, Bhogal BS, Fish JP: Tylosin tartrate and tiamutilin effects on experimental piglet pneumonia induced with pneumonic pig lung homogenate containing mycoplasmas, bacteria and viruses. Res Vet Sci 1982, 33:76-88.
• [31]European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.): Porcine actinobacillosis vaccine (inactivated). In European Pharmacopoeia 7th edition. 2008:926–927. Section: Vaccines.
• [32]Dottori M, Nigrelli AD, Bonilauri P, Merialdi G, Gozio S, Cominotti F: Proposta per un nuovo sistema di punteggiatura delle pleuriti suine in sede di macellazione: La griglia SPES (Slaughterhouse Pleurisy Evaluation System). Large Anim Rev 2007, 13:161-165.
• [33]Jacobsen MJ, Nielsen JP: Developement and evaluation of a selective and indicative medium for isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 1995, 47:191-197.
• [34]Buettner FFR, Bendallah IM, Bosse JT, Dreckmann K, Nash JHE, Langford PR, Gerlach GF: Analysis of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ArcA regulon identifies fumarate reductase as a determinant of virulence. Infect Immun 2008, 76:2284-2295.
• [35]Maas A, Meens J, Baltes N, Hennig-Pauka I, Gerlach GF: Development of a DIVA subunit vaccine against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Vaccine 2006, 24:7226-7237.