International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs

BMC Veterinary Research

Holger A. Volk⁷  Clare Rusbridge^1,11  Martí Pumarola Batlle^1,18  Heidrun Potschka⁵  Michael Podell^1,17  Simon Platt^1,14  Ned Patterson⁸  Akos Pakozdy^1,12  Rowena MA Packer⁷  Kaspar Matiasek⁴  Paul JJ. Mandigers³  Sam Long^1,19  Andrea Fischer^1,16  Robyn Farqhuar²  Mette Berendt⁹  Andrea Tipold^1,13  Veronika Stein^1,13  Jacques Penderis^1,10  Karen Muñana⁶  Sofie Bhatti^1,15  Luisa De Risio¹ 

[1] Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK;Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK;Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3583 CM, The Netherlands;Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, Munich, 80539, Germany;Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, Munich, 80539, Germany;Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh 27607, NC, USA;Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK;University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA;Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark;Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK;School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK;Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria;Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens 30602, GA, USA;Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium;Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, Munich, 80539, Germany;Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago 60618, IL, USA;Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain;University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee 3015, VIC, Australia

关键词: Diagnosis;    Idiopathic epilepsy;    Epilepsy;    Seizure;    Dog;   

Others  :  1224286
DOI  :  10.1186/s12917-015-0462-1

 received in 2015-06-04, accepted in 2015-06-29,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

This article outlines the consensus proposal on diagnosis of epilepsy in dogs by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force. The aim of this consensus proposal is to improve consistency in the diagnosis of epilepsy in the clinical and research settings. The diagnostic approach to the patient presenting with a history of suspected epileptic seizures incorporates two fundamental steps: to establish if the events the animal is demonstrating truly represent epileptic seizures and if so, to identify their underlying cause. Differentiation of epileptic seizures from other non-epileptic episodic paroxysmal events can be challenging. Criteria that can be used to make this differentiation are presented in detail and discussed. Criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) are described in a three-tier system. Tier I confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on a history of two or more unprovoked epileptic seizures occurring at least 24 h apart, age at epileptic seizure onset of between six months and six years, unremarkable inter-ictal physical and neurological examination, and no significant abnormalities on minimum data base blood tests and urinalysis. Tier II confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and unremarkable fasting and post-prandial bile acids, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (based on an epilepsy-specific brain MRI protocol) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Tier III confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and II and identification of electroencephalographic abnormalities characteristic for seizure disorders. The authors recommend performing MRI of the brain and routine CSF analysis, after exclusion of reactive seizures, in dogs with age at epileptic seizure onset <6 months or >6 years, inter-ictal neurological abnormalities consistent with intracranial neurolocalisation, status epilepticus or cluster seizure at epileptic seizure onset, or a previous presumptive diagnosis of IE and drug-resistance with a single antiepileptic drug titrated to the highest tolerable dose.

This consensus article represents the basis for a more standardised diagnostic approach to the seizure patient. These recommendations will evolve over time with advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics of canine epilepsy.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 De Risio et al.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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