期刊论文详细信息
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
An overview of the contribution of fatness and fitness factors, and the role of exercise, in the formation of health status for individuals who are overweight
James E Clark1 
[1] Division of Mathematics, Department of Science, Science and Health Careers, MS 29, PO Box 1046, 60 Bidwell Street, Manchester, CT 06045-1046, USA
关键词: Health status;    Exercise;    Fitness;    Fatness;   
Others  :  807211
DOI  :  10.1186/2251-6581-11-19
 received in 2012-08-12, accepted in 2012-09-27,  发布年份 2012
PDF
【 摘 要 】

Over the last half century there has been an epidemic of diminished health status induced by what seems as a concurrent rise in a population of individuals that are overfat. During the past few decades, the use of exercise has become a staple in the prevention and treatment options for the retarding the development of health issues pertaining to individuals who are overweight, overfatness or experience obesity. However, there are few studies and reviews look at the global issues surrounding the metabolic and hormone consequences of overfatness and the interaction of exercise with adiposity in humans developing the health status for the individual. This review offers an insight into our current understanding of health issues pertaining to metabolic and hormonal disruption related to overfatness and the treatment effect that exercise, especially resistance exercise, can have on impacting the health status, and overall well-being, for individuals who are overfat, regardless of body compositional changes leading toward a lessening of diseased state, and eventually a return to a normal health status for the individual.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Clark; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 预 览 】
附件列表
Files Size Format View
20140708104307368.pdf 1405KB PDF download
Figure 8. 48KB Image download
Figure 7. 52KB Image download
Figure 6. 57KB Image download
Figure 5. 44KB Image download
Figure 4. 28KB Image download
Figure 3. 48KB Image download
Figure 2. 49KB Image download
Figure 1. 44KB Image download
【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

【 参考文献 】
  • [1]Letter HH: Is it okay to be fat if you're fit? Research suggests that physical activity may cancel out some of the bad effects of being overweight or obese. Harv Health Lett 2005, 30:4.
  • [2]McHugh MD: Fit or fat? A review of the debate on deaths attributable to obesity. Public Health Nurs 2006, 23:264-270.
  • [3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Overweight and Obesity. 2010.
  • [4]Farrell SW, Fitzgerald SJ, McAuley PA, Barlow CE: Cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and all-cause mortality in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:2006-2012.
  • [5]Kong AP-S, Chan NN, Chan JC-N: The role of adipocytokines and neurohormonal dysregulation in metabolic syndrome. Current Diabetes Reviews 2006, 2:397-407.
  • [6]Bastard J-P, Maachi M, Lagathu C, et al.: Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006, 17:4-12.
  • [7]Evans RM, Barish GD, Wang Y-X: PPARs and the complex journey to obesity. Nat Med 2004, 10:355-361.
  • [8]Hara T, Fujiwara H, Nakao H, Mimura T, Yoshikawa T, Fujimoto S: Body composition is related to increase in plasma adiponectin levels rather than training in young obese men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005, 94:520-526.
  • [9]Nevill AM, Bate S, Holder RL: Modeling physiological and anthropometric variables known to vary with body size and other confounding variables. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005, 41:141-153.
  • [10]Eisenmann JC: Aerobic fitness, fatness and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2007, 96:1723-1729.
  • [11]Hill RA, Margetic S, Pegg GG, Gazzola C: Leptin: its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998, 22:765-770.
  • [12]Jago R, Drews KL, McMurray RG, et al.: Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors among sixth-grade youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:1502-1510.
  • [13]Fogelholm M: How physical activity can work? Int J Pediatr Obes 2008, 3(Suppl 1):10-14.
  • [14]Hill JO, Trowbridge FL: Childhood obesity: future directions and research priorities. Pediatrics 1998, 101:570-574.
  • [15]Campbell BC, Cajigal A: Diabetes: energetics, development and human evolution. Medical Hypotheses 2001, 57:64-67.
  • [16]Watve MG, Yajnik CS: Evolutionary origins of insulin resistance: a behavioral switch hypothesis. BMC Evol Biol 2007, 7:61.
  • [17]Neel JV: Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"? Am J Hum Genet 1962, 14:353-362.
  • [18]Veerman JL: On the futility of screening for genes that make you fat. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1001114.
  • [19]Berggren JR, Hulver MW, Houmard JA: Fat as an endocrine organ: influence of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:757-764.
  • [20]Fantuzzi G: Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005, 115:911-919. quiz 920
  • [21]Nannipieri M, Bonotti A, Anselmino M, et al.: Pattern of expression of adiponectin receptors in human adipose tissue depots and its relation to the metabolic state. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, 31:1843-1848.
  • [22]Tilg H, Moschen AR: Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006, 6:772-783.
  • [23]Trayhurn P, Beattie JH: Physiological role of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ. Proc Nutr Soc 2001, 60:329-339.
  • [24]Gruberg NJW L, Waksman R, Fuchs S, Deible R, Pinnow EE: The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: The obesity paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:578-584.
  • [25]McAuley PA, Blair SN: Obesity paradoxes. J Sports Sci 2011, 29:773-782.
  • [26]Blair SN, Cheng Y, Holder JS: Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33:S379-S399. discussion S419-320
  • [27]Duncan GE: The "fit but fat" concept revisited: population-based estimates using NHANES. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:47.
  • [28]Gerson LS, Braun B: Effect of high cardiorespiratory fitness and high body fat on insulin resistance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006, 38:1709-1715.
  • [29]Hainer V, Toplak H, Stich V: Fat or fit: what is more important? Diabetes Care 2009, 32(Suppl 2):S392-S397.
  • [30]Kay SJ: Fiatarone Singh MA. The influence of physical activity on abdominal fat: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2006, 7:183-200.
  • [31]Hawley JA: Exercise as a therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004, 20:383-393.
  • [32]Hawley JA, Lessard SJ: Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008, 192:127-135.
  • [33]American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), American Diabetes Association (ADA): Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:2282-2303.
  • [34]Baer HJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Dorgan JF: Adiposity and sex hormones in girls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007, 16:1880-1888.
  • [35]Dahm CC, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Jakobsen MU, et al.: Adipose tissue Fatty Acid patterns and changes in anthropometry: a cohort study. PLoS One 2011, 6:e22587.
  • [36]Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S: Inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese women. Eur J Endocrinol 2002, 147:173-180.
  • [37]Müssig K, Remer T, Maser-Gluth C: Brief review: Glucocorticoid excretion in obesity. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2010.
  • [38]Sørensen K, Aksglaede L, Munch-Andersen T, et al.: Sex hormone-binding globulin levels predict insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and cardiovascular risk during puberty. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:909-914.
  • [39]Arner E, Westermark PO, Spalding KL, et al.: Adipocyte turnover: relevance to human adipose tissue morphology. Diabetes 2010, 59:105-109.
  • [40]Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT: Leptin and mTOR: partners in metabolism and inflammation. Cell Cycle 2008, 7:1713-1717.
  • [41]Bunnell BA, Estes BT, Guilak F, Gimble JM: Ch.12: Differentiation of Adipose Stem Cells. Adipose Tissue Protocols. 2nd edition. 2008, 155-171.
  • [42]Dyck DJ: Leptin sensitivity in skeletal muscle is modulated by diet and exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2005, 33:189-194.
  • [43]Dyck DJ: Adipokines as regulators of muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme 2009, 34:396-402.
  • [44]Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, et al.: Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metab Clin Exp 2005, 54:1472-1479.
  • [45]Solomon SS, Odunusi O, Carrigan D, et al.: TNF-alpha inhibits insulin action in liver and adipose tissue: A model of metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2010, 42:115-121.
  • [46]Baratta R, Amato S, Degano C, et al.: Adiponectin relationship with lipid metabolism is independent of body fat mass: evidence from both cross-sectional and intervention studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2665-2671.
  • [47]Teoh H, Strauss MH, Szmitko PE, Verma S: Adiponectin and myocardial infarction: A paradox or a paradigm? Eur Hear J 2006, 27:2266-2268.
  • [48]Friedman JM, Halaas JL: Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998, 395:763-770.
  • [49]Jones TE, Basilio JL, Brophy PM, McCammon MR, Hickner RC: Long-term exercise training in overweight adolescents improves plasma peptide YY and resistin. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:1189-1195.
  • [50]Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F: The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of cardiovascular function: physiologic and clinical perspectives. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007, 17:275-283.
  • [51]Fargnoli JL, Sun Q, Olenczuk D, et al.: Resistin is associated with biomarkers of inflammation while total and high-molecular weight adiponectin are associated with biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial function. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 162:281-288.
  • [52]Choi KM, Kim TN, Yoo HJ, et al.: Effect of exercise training on A-FABP, lipocalin-2 and RBP4 levels in obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 70:569-574.
  • [53]Viswakarma N, Jia Y, Bai L, et al.: Coactivators in PPAR-Regulated Gene Expression. PPAR Res 2010. pii: 250126
  • [54]Kim ES, Im J-A, Kim KC, et al.: Improved insulin sensitivity and adiponectin level after exercise training in obese Korean youth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007, 15:3023-3030.
  • [55]Buford TW, Cooke MB, Willoughby DS: Resistance exercise-induced changes of inflammatory gene expression within human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009, 107:463-471.
  • [56]Coppack SW: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc 2001, 60:349-356.
  • [57]Kern PA: Potential role of TNFalpha and lipoprotein lipase as candidate genes for obesity. J Nutr 1997, 127:1917S-1922S.
  • [58]Sethi JK, Hotamisligil GS: The role of TNF alpha in adipocyte metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 1999, 10:19-29.
  • [59]Zderic TW, Hamilton MT: Physical inactivity amplifies the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to the lipid-induced downregulation of lipoprotein lipase activity. J Appl Physiol 2006, 100:249-257.
  • [60]Mathur N, Pedersen BK: Exercise as a mean to control low-grade systemic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2008, 2008:109502.
  • [61]Bruunsgaard H: Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2005, 78:819-835.
  • [62]Eder K, Baffy N, Falus A, Fulop AK: The major inflammatory mediator interleukin-6 and obesity. Inflamm Res 2009, 58:727-736.
  • [63]Febbraio MA, Hiscock N, Sacchetti M, Fischer CP, Pedersen BK: Interleukin-6 is a novel factor mediating glucose homeostasis during skeletal muscle contraction. Diabetes 2004, 53:1643-1648.
  • [64]Helmark IC, Mikkelsen UR, Børglum J, et al.: Exercise increases interleukin-10 levels both intraarticularly and peri-synovially in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2010, 12:R126.
  • [65]Holmes AG, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA: Suppressing lipolysis increases interleukin-6 at rest and during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 2004, 97:689-696.
  • [66]Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK: The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:1154-1162.
  • [67]Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK: The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006, 57(Suppl 10):43-51.
  • [68]Sacheck JM, Cannon JG, Hamada K, Vannier E, Blumberg JB, Roubenoff R: Age-related loss of associations between acute exercise-induced IL-6 and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 291:E340-349.
  • [69]Trujillo ME, Sullivan S, Harten I, Schneider SH, Greenberg AS, Fried SK: Interleukin-6 regulates human adipose tissue lipid metabolism and leptin production in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:5577-5582.
  • [70]Bozaoglu K, Bolton K, McMillan J, et al.: Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology 2007, 148:4687-4694.
  • [71]Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, Calbet JAL, et al.: Cytokine and hormone responses to resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009, 107:397-409.
  • [72]Abate N, Haffner SM, Garg A, Peshock RM, Grundy SM: Sex steroid hormones, upper body obesity, and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:4522-4527.
  • [73]Guay AT: The emerging link between hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome. J Androl 2009, 30:370-376.
  • [74]Katabami T, Kato H, Asahina T, et al.: Serum free testosterone and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men. Endocr J 2010, 57:533-539.
  • [75]Kicman AT: Biochemical and physiological aspects of endogenous androgens. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010, 25-64. 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_2
  • [76]Kupelian V, Hayes FJ, Link CL, Rosen R, McKinlay JB: Inverse association of testosterone and the metabolic syndrome in men is consistent across race and ethnic groups. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:3403-3410.
  • [77]Kupelian V, Page ST, Araujo AB, Travison TG, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB: Low sex hormone-binding globulin, total testosterone, and symptomatic androgen deficiency are associated with development of the metabolic syndrome in nonobese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:843-850.
  • [78]Saad F, Gooren LJ: The role of testosterone in the etiology and treatment of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus type 2. J Obes 2011., 2011pii: 471584
  • [79]Smilios I, Pilianidis T, Karamouzis M, Parlavantzas A, Tokmakidis SP: Hormonal responses after a strength endurance resistance exercise protocol in young and elderly males. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2007, 28:401-406.
  • [80]Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W: Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. J Appl Physiol 2004, 96:531-539.
  • [81]Vikan T, Schirmer H, Njølstad I, Svartberg J: Low testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels and high estradiol levels are independent predictors of type 2 diabetes in men. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 162:747-754.
  • [82]Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM: Testosterone Physiology in Resistance Exercise and Training: The Up-Stream Regulatory Elements. Sports Med 2010, 40:1037-1053.
  • [83]Jørgensen JOL, Rubeck KZ, Nielsen TS, et al.: Effects of GH in human muscle and fat. Pediatr Nephrol 2010, 25:705-709.
  • [84]Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA: Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med 2005, 35:339-361.
  • [85]Rasmussen MH: Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010, 316:147-153.
  • [86]Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Suarez P, Jennings R, Evers N, Brabant G: GH/IGF-I regulation in obesity–mechanisms and practical consequences in children and adults. Horm Res Paediatr 2010, 73:153-160.
  • [87]Bell LM, Watts K, Siafarikas A, et al.: Exercise alone reduces insulin resistance in obese children independently of changes in body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:4230-4235.
  • [88]Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Ball GDC, et al.: Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino adolescent males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006, 38:1208-1215.
  • [89]Miller JP, Pratley RE, Goldberg AP, et al.: Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol 1994, 77:1122-1127.
  • [90]Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ: Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:2977-2982.
  • [91]De Filippis E, Alvarez G, Berria R, et al.: Insulin-resistant muscle is exercise resistant: evidence for reduced response of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008, 294:E607-614.
  • [92]Goran MI, Shaibi GQ, Weigensberg MJ, Davis JN, Cruz ML: Deterioration of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in overweight Hispanic children during pubertal transition: a longitudinal assessment. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006, 1:139-145.
  • [93]Klimcakova E, Polak J, Moro C, et al.: Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity without altering plasma levels and gene expression of adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:5107-5112.
  • [94]Pørksen N, Hollingdal M, Juhl C, Butler P, Veldhuis JD, Schmitz O: Pulsatile insulin secretion: detection, regulation, and role in diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51(Suppl 1):S245-254.
  • [95]Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W: Insulin. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010, 209-226. 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_10
  • [96]Thong FSL, Dugani CB, Klip A: Turning signals on and off: GLUT4 traffic in the insulin-signaling highway. Physiology (Bethesda) 2005, 20:271-284.
  • [97]Brick DJ, Gerweck AV, Meenaghan E, et al.: Determinants of IGF1 and GH across the weight spectrum: from anorexia nervosa to obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 163:185-191.
  • [98]Crown AL, He XL, Holly JM, Lightman SL, Stewart CE: Characterisation of the IGF system in a primary adult human skeletal muscle cell model, and comparison of the effects of insulin and IGF-I on protein metabolism. J Endocrinol 2000, 167:403-415.
  • [99]Kasukawa Y, Miyakoshi N, Mohan S: The anabolic effects of GH/IGF system on bone. Curr Pharm Des 2004, 10:2577-2592.
  • [100]Kostek MC, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, et al.: A polymorphism near IGF1 is associated with body composition and muscle function in women from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 110:315-324.
  • [101]Kraemer RR, Kilgore JL, Kraemer GR, Castracane VD: Growth hormone, IGF-I, and testosterone responses to resistive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992, 24:1346-1352.
  • [102]Kraemer WJ, Aguilera BA, Terada M, et al.: Responses of IGF-I to endogenous increases in growth hormone after heavy-resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1995, 79:1310-1315.
  • [103]Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bailey JN, Adeniji AM, Miles JM, Bowers CY: Novel relationships of age, visceral adiposity, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein concentrations to growth hormone (GH) releasing-hormone and GH releasing-peptide efficacies in men during experimental hypogonadal clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:2137-2143.
  • [104]Ciloglu F, Peker I, Pehlivan A, et al.: Exercise intensity and its effects on thyroid hormones. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005, 26:830-834.
  • [105]Nannipieri M, Cecchetti F, Anselmino M, et al.: Expression of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone receptors in adipose tissue of patients with morbid obesity and/or type 2 diabetes: effects of weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009, 33:1001-1006.
  • [106]Mohr BA, Bhasin S, Link CL, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB: The effect of changes in adiposity on testosterone levels in older men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2006, 155:443-452.
  • [107]Hood DA, Irrcher I, Ljubicic V, Joseph A-M: Coordination of metabolic plasticity in skeletal muscle. J Exp Biol 2006, 209:2265-2275.
  • [108]Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, et al.: Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010, 20(8):608-617.
  • [109]Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, et al.: The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005, 86:1527-1533.
  • [110]Haddad F, Adams GR: Selected contribution: acute cellular and molecular responses to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2002, 93:394-403.
  • [111]Koster A, Visser M, Simonsick EM, et al.: Association between fitness and changes in body composition and muscle strength. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010, 58:219-226.
  • [112]Lee DC, Sui X, Blair SN: Does physical activity ameliorate the health hazards of obesity? Br J Sports Med 2009, 43:49-51.
  • [113]Bacon L, Aphramor L: Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutr J 2011, 10:9.
  • [114]Lee S, Kuk JL, Davidson LE, et al.: Exercise without weight loss is an effective strategy for obesity reduction in obese individuals with and without Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:1220-1225.
  • [115]Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D: Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2002, 56:115-123.
  • [116]Sieverdes JC, Sui X: Lee D-c, et al. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of men. Br J Sports Med 2010, 44:238-244.
  • [117]Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, et al.: Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:357-369.
  • [118]Simpson KA, Singh MAF: Effects of exercise on adiponectin: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:241-256.
  • [119]Booth FW, Laye MJ: Lack of adequate appreciation of physical exercise's complexities can pre-empt appropriate design and interpretation in scientific discovery. J Physiol (Lond) 2009, 587:5527-5539.
  • [120]Hayes C, Kriska A: Role of physical activity in diabetes management and prevention. J Am Diet Assoc 2008, 108:S19-23.
  • [121]Kerksick C, Thomas A, Campbell B, et al.: Effects of a popular exercise and weight loss program on weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and health in obese women. Nutrition & metabolism 2009, 6:23.
  • [122]Larson-Meyer DE, Redman L, Heilbronn LK, Martin CK, Ravussin E: Caloric restriction with or without exercise: the fitness versus fatness debate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:152-159.
  • [123]Strasser B, Spreitzer A, Haber P: Fat loss depends on energy deficit only, independently of the method for weight loss. Ann Nutr Metab 2007, 51:428-432.
  • [124]Williams PT: Health effects resulting from exercise versus those from body fat loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33:S611-621. discussion S640-611
  • [125]Ormsbee MJ, Choi MD, Medlin JK, et al.: Regulation of fat metabolism during resistance exercise in sedentary lean and obese men. J Appl Physiol 2009, 106:1529-1537.
  • [126]Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE: Endurance training and obesity: effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40:495-502.
  • [127]Carey DG: Quantifying differences in the "fat burning" zone and the aerobic zone: implications for training. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:2090-2095.
  • [128]Hainer V, Toplak H, Mitrakou A: Treatment modalities of obesity: what fits whom? Diabetes Care 2008, 31(Suppl 2):S269-277.
  • [129]McGuigan MR, Tatasciore M, Newton RU, Pettigrew S: Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly alter body composition in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:80-85.
  • [130]Sgro M, McGuigan MR, Pettigrew S, Newton RU: The effect of duration of resistance training interventions in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:1263-1270.
  • [131]Avila JJ, Gutierres JA, Sheehy ME, Lofgren IE, Delmonico MJ: Effect of moderate intensity resistance training during weight loss on body composition and physical performance in overweight older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 109:517-525.
  • [132]Eriksson JG: Exercise and the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. An update. Sports Med 1999, 27:381-391.
  • [133]Brock DW, Irving BA, Gower B, Hunter GR: Differences emerge in visceral adipose tissue accumulation after selection for innate cardiovascular fitness. Int J Obes 2011, 35(2):309-312.
  • [134]Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA: Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004, 36:674-688.
  • [135]American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM): American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009, 41:687-708.
  • [136]Clark JE: Examining Matched Acute Physiological Responses to Various Modes of Exercise in Individuals Who Are Overweight. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association 2010, 24:2239-48.
  • [137]Irvine C, Taylor NF: Progressive resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother 2009, 55:237-246.
  文献评价指标  
  下载次数:41次 浏览次数:16次