Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Zhixian Mo¹  Ken Kin Lam Yung²  Junkui Li¹  Ju Peng¹  Chaohua Luo¹  Wei Liu¹  Yi Liu¹  Qiuxian Peng²  Jing Li¹  Mingjin Jiang¹ 

[1] School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

关键词: pro-inflammatory mediators;    p-p38 MAPK;    p-JNK1/2;    p-ERK1/2;    cerebral ischemia and reperfusion;    bilobalide;   

Others  :  1150723
DOI  :  10.1186/s12974-014-0167-6

 received in 2014-06-18, accepted in 2014-09-13,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are implicated in inflammatory and apoptotic processes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hence, MAPK pathways represent a promising therapeutic target. Exploring the full potential of inhibitors of MAPK pathways is a useful therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Bilobalide, a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties, which are closely related to both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We investigated the neuroprotective roles of bilobalide in the models of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, we attempted to confirm the hypothesis that its protection effect is via modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and MAPK pathways.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Bilobalide was administered intraperitoneally 60 min before induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, and brain edema were assessed. Ischemic penumbrae of the cerebral cortex were harvested to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, TNF-?, interleukin 1? (IL-1?), p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK concentration. Similarly, the influence of bilobalide on the expression of nitric oxide, TNF-?, IL-1?, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK was also observed in an OGD/R in vitro model of I/R injury.

Results

Pretreatment with bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, brain edema, and concentrations of MDA, nitric oxide, TNF-?, IL-1?, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly down-regulated both p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK expression, whereas they had no effect on p-ERK1/2 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Supporting these observations in vivo, pretreatment with bilobalide (50, 100 ?M) significantly down-regulated nitric oxide, TNF-?, IL-1?, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK expression, but did not change p-ERK1/2 expression in rat cortical neurons after OGD/R injury.

Conclusions

These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral I/R injury are associated with its inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Jiang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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