Eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio and smoking status in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Shun Ishibashi³  Hiroaki Yagyu²  Kazuhiko Kotani¹  Kenta Okada³ 

[1] Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan;Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 3-2-7 Miya-machi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0015, Japan;Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan

关键词: Smoking;    Older people;    Eicosapentaenoic acid;    Docosahexaenoic acid;    Arachidonic acid;   

Others  :  1115072
DOI  :  10.1186/1758-5996-6-85

 received in 2014-06-12, accepted in 2014-08-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

A low ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Smoking is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease even in an elderly population. This study investigated the relationship between EPA/AA ratio and smoking status among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Findings

A total of 188 elderly patients with T2DM (men/women, 114/74; mean age, 65.0 ± 7.5 years) were studied in terms of their smoking status, diabetic conditions, and blood data, including EPA and AA. Current smokers showed a lower EPA/AA ratio than non-smokers (current smokers: 0.29, n = 49; non-smokers: 0.39, n = 139, p < 0.01). This relationship remained significant after adjusting for multiple variables.

Conclusions

Smoking may affect the EPA/AA ratio among elderly patients with T2DM, suggesting a possible mechanism of cardiovascular disease development and indicating the importance of smoking secession in such patients.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Okada et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Ziegler D: Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory cardiovascular disorder. Curr Mol Med 2005, 5:309-322.
• [2]Matsuzaki M, Yokoyama M, Saito Y, Origasa H, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K, Matsuzawa Y, JELIS Investigators: Incremental effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Circ J 2009, 73:1283-1290.
• [3]Domei T, Yokoi H, Kuramitsu S, Soga Y, Arita T, Ando K, Shirai S, Kondo K, Sakai K, Goya M, Iwabuchi M, Ueeda M, Nobuyoshi M: Ratio of serum n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ J 2012, 76:423-429.
• [4]Sekikawa A, Curb JD, Ueshima H, El-Saed A, Kadowaki T, Abbott RD, Evans RW, Rodriguez BL, Okamura T, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Nakamura Y, Masaki K, Edmundowicz D, Kashiwagi A, Willcox BJ, Takamiya T, Mitsunami K, Seto TB, Murata K, White RL, Kuller LH, ERA JUMP (Electron-Beam Tomography, Risk Factor Assessment Among Japanese and U.S. Men in the Post-World War II Birth Cohort) Study Group: Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids and atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese-American, and white men: a cross-sectional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:417-424.
• [5]Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E: Interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus in the prediction of death attributed to cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 1984, 120:670-675.
• [6]Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL, Diez-Roux A, Evans GW, McGovern P, Nieto FJ, Tell GS: Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA 1998, 279:119-124.
• [7]Resnick HE, Foster GL, Bardsley J, Ratner RE: Achievement of American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1999–2002: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:531-537.
• [8]Haire-Joshu D, Glasgow RE, Tibbs TL: American Diabetes Association: Smoking and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:S74-S75.
• [9]Zbikowski SM, Magnusson B, Pockey JR, Tindle HA, Weaver KE: A review of smoking cessation interventions for smokers aged 50 and older. Maturitas 2012, 71:131-141.
• [10]Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ: Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005, 45:142-161.
• [11]Levey AS, De Jong PE, Coresh J, El Nahas M, Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, Kasiske BL, Eckardt KU: The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int 2011, 80:17-28.
• [12]Church DF, Pryor WA: Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ Health Perspect 1985, 64:111-126.
• [13]Nagashima T, Oikawa S, Hirayama Y, Tokita Y, Sekikawa A, Ishigaki Y, Yamada R, Miyazawa T: Increase of serum phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide dependent on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002, 56:19-25.
• [14]Cohen G, Riahi Y, Sunda V, Deplano S, Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Kaiser N, Sasson S: Signaling properties of 4-hydroxyalkenals formed by lipid peroxidation in diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013, 65:978-988.
• [15]Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL: Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:915-924.
• [16]Cohen G, Riahi Y, Sasson S: Lipid peroxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in normal and obese adipose tissues. Arch Physiol Biochem 2011, 117:131-139.
• [17]Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert JT Jr, Browner WS: Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to serum fatty acids. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 144:325-334.
• [18]Belch JJ, McArdle BM, Burns P, Lowe GD, Forbes CD: The effects of acute smoking on platelet behaviour, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in habitual smokers. Thromb Haemost 1984, 51:6-8.
• [19]Serikawa T, Miura S, Okabe M, Hongo H, Tokutome M, Yoshikawa T, Takesue K, Adachi S, Osaka K, Matsukawa R, Yanagi D, Nozoe M, Kozai T, Hironaga K, Saku K, Yamamoto Y: The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid is a critical risk factor for acute coronary syndrome in middle-aged older patients as well as younger adult patients. J Cardiol 2014, 63:35-40.
• [20]Yanagisawa N, Shimada K, Miyazaki T, Kume A, Kitamura Y, Ichikawa R, Ohmura H, Kiyanagi T, Hiki M, Fukao K, Sumiyoshi K, Hirose K, Matsumori R, Takizawa H, Fujii K, Mokuno H, Inoue N, Daida H: Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels of serum and red blood cells in apparently healthy Japanese subjects living in an urban area. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010, 17:285-294.
• [21]Otsuka R, Kato Y, Imai T, Ando F, Shimokata H: Higher serum EPA or DHA, and lower ARA compositions with age independent fatty acid intake in Japanese aged 40 to 79. Lipids 2013, 48:719-727.
• [22]Sinzinger H, Kaliman J, Oguogho A: Eicosanoid production and lymphatic responsiveness in human cigarette smokers compared with non-smokers. Lymphology 2000, 33:24-31.
• [23]Lee SH, Shin MJ, Kim JS, Ko YG, Kang SM, Choi D, Jang Y, Chung N, Shim WH, Cho SY, Manabe I, Ha JW: Blood eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction – data from Infarction Prognosis Study (IPS) registry. Circ J 2009, 73:2250-2257.
• [24]Ninomiya T, Nagata M, Hata J, Hirakawa Y, Ozawa M, Yoshida D, Ohara T, Kishimoto H, Mukai N, Fukuhara M, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y: Association between ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Hisayama Study. Atherosclerosis 2013, 231:261-267.
• [25]Groppelli A, Giorgi DM, Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G: Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. J Hypertens 1992, 10:495-499.
• [26]King DE, Mainous AG 3rd, Buchanan TA, Pearson WS: C-reactive protein and glycemic control in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:1535-1539.
• [27]Ibrahim S, Harris ND, Radatz M, Selmi F, Rajbhandari S, Brady L, Jakubowski J, Ward JD: A new minimally invasive technique to show nerve ischaemia in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1999, 42:737-742.
• [28]Katulanda P, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Constantine GR, Sheriff MH, Matthews DR: The prevalence, patterns and predictors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in a developing country. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012, 4:21. BioMed Central Full Text