Cardiovascular disease relates to intestinal uptake of p-cresol in patients with chronic kidney disease

BMC Nephrology

Björn Meijers¹  Pieter Evenepoel³  Dirk Kuypers³  Kathleen Claes³  Bert Bammens³  Patrick Augustijns⁴  Kristin Verbeke²  Liesbeth Viaene³  Ruben Poesen³ 

[1] Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Targid) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium;Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

关键词: P-cresyl sulfate;    Gut;    Cardiovascular disease;   

Others  :  1082675
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2369-15-87

 received in 2013-12-05, accepted in 2014-06-05,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Serum p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) associates with cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. PCS concentrations are determined by intestinal uptake of p-cresol, human metabolism to PCS and renal clearance. Whether intestinal uptake of p-cresol itself is directly associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with renal dysfunction has not been studied to date.

Methods

We performed a prospective study in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 1 – 5 (NCT00441623). Intestinal uptake of p-cresol, under steady state conditions, was estimated from 24 h urinary excretion of PCS. Primary endpoint was time to first cardiovascular event, i.e., cardiac death, myocardial infarction/ischemia, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiovascular surgery, ischemic stroke or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Statistical analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results

In a cohort of 200 patients, median 24 h urinary excretion of PCS amounted to 457.47 μmol (IQR 252.68 – 697.17). After a median follow-up of 52 months, 25 patients reached the primary endpoint (tertile 1/2/3: 5/6/14 events, log rank P 0.037). Higher urinary excretion of PCS was directly associated with cardiovascular events (univariate hazard ratio per 100 μmol increase: 1.112, P 0.002). In multivariate analysis, urinary excretion of PCS remained a predictor of cardiovascular events, independent of eGFR (hazard ratio 1.120, P 0.002).

Conclusions

In patients with chronic kidney disease, intestinal uptake of p-cresol associates with cardiovascular disease independent of renal function. The intestinal generation and absorption of p-cresol may be therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in patients with renal dysfunction.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Poesen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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