The effectiveness of individual interpersonal psychotherapy as a treatment for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients: a systematic review

BMC Psychiatry

Silvia M A A Evers¹  Tim Ellermann³  Thomas Rotter²  Madelon L J M van Hees⁴ 

[1] Caphri, School of Public Health and Primary Care; Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands;College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskoon, Canada;Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (IPP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;Caphri, School of Public Health and Primary Care; Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

关键词: Systematic review;    Major depressive disorder;    Interpersonal psychotherapy;   

Others  :  1124171
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-244X-13-22

 received in 2011-12-09, accepted in 2013-01-07,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

This systematic review describes a comparison between several standard treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adult outpatients, with a focus on interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT).

Methods

Systematic searches of PubMed and PsycINFO studies between January 1970 and August 2012 were performed to identify (C-)RCTs, in which MDD was a primary diagnosis in adult outpatients receiving individual IPT as a monotherapy compared to other forms of psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy.

Results

1233 patients were included in eight eligible studies, out of which 854 completed treatment in outpatient facilities. IPT combined with nefazodone improved depressive symptoms significantly better than sole nefazodone, while undefined pharmacotherapy combined with clinical management improved symptoms better than sole IPT. IPT or imipramine hydrochloride with clinical management showed a better outcome than placebo with clinical management. Depressive symptoms were reduced more in CBASP (cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy) patients in comparison with IPT patients, while IPT reduced symptoms better than usual care and wait list condition.

Conclusions

The differences between treatment effects are very small and often they are not significant. Psychotherapeutic treatments such as IPT and CBT, and/or pharmacotherapy are recommended as first-line treatments for depressed adult outpatients, without favoring one of them, although the individual preferences of patients should be taken into consideration in choosing a treatment.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 van Hees et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
• [2]Wittchen HU, Jacobi F: Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe - a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005, 15:357-376.
• [3]Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS: The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). J Am Med Assoc 2003, 289:3095-3105.
• [4]Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:593-602.
• [5]Depression. http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/ webcite.
• [6]World Health Organization: The World health report: 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. 2001.
• [7]Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfsen M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, Wang P, Wells KB, Zaslavsky AM: US prevalence and treatment of mental disorders: 1990–2003. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(24):2515-2523.
• [8]Weihs K, Wert JM: A primary care focus on the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Am J Med Sci 2011, XXX:XXX.
• [9]Depressie (eerste revisie). Richtlijn voor de diagnostiek, behandeling en begeleiding van volwassen patiënten met een depressieve stoornis. http://www.psychiatrie-nederland.nl/Multidisciplinaire%20Richtlijn%20Depressie%20eerste%20update%202010.pdf webcite.
• [10]Boelens W: Protocollaire behandeling van depressieve patiënten: cognitieve gedragstherapie. In Protocollaire behandelingen in de ambulante geestelijke gezondheidszorg, deel I. Edited by Keijsers GPJ, Minnen A, Hoogduin CAL. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum; 2004:154-182.
• [11]Lewinsohn PM: The behavioral study and treatment of depression. In Progress in behavior modification, volume 1. Edited by Hersen M, Eisler RM, Miller PM. New York: Academic Press; 1975.
• [12]Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G: Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford; 1979.
• [13]Blom MBJ, Jonker K: Protocollaire behandeling van depressieve patiënten: interpersoonlijke psychotherapie. In Protocollaire behandelingen in de ambulante geestelijke gezondheidszorg, deel II. Edited by Keijsers GPJ, Minnen A, Hoogduin CAL. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum; 2004:96-116.
• [14]Klerman GL, Weismann MM, Rounsaville BJ, Chevron ES: Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York: Basic Books; 1984.
• [15]Klerman GL, Weissman MM: New applications of interpersonal psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.
• [16]Jonker K, Blom M: Interpersoonlijke psychotherapie. In Depressie: theorie, diagnostiek en behandeling. Edited by Albersnagel FA, Emmelkamp PMG, Hoofdakker RH. Houten/Diegem: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum; 1998:251-271.
• [17]Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL: Comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books; 2000.
• [18]DiMascio A, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Neu C, Zwilling M, Klerman GL: Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979, 36:1450-1456.
• [19]Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, DiMascio A, Neu C, Goklaney M, Klerman GL: The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. Am J Psychiatry 1979, 136:555-558.
• [20]Reynolds CF, Frank E, Perel JM, Imber SD, Cornes C, Morycz RK, Mazumdar S, Miller MD, Pollock BG, Hind Rufai A, et al.: Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the acute and continuation treatment of elderly patients with recurrent major depression: a prelimenary report. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:1687-1692.
• [21]Cascalenda N, Perry JC, Looper K: Remission in major depressive disorder: a comparison of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and control conditions. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:1354-1360.
• [22]De Mello MF, De Jesus Mari J, Bacaltchuk J, Verdeli H, Neugebauer R: A systematic review of research findings of the efficacy of interpersonal therapy for depressive disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005, 255:75-82.
• [23]Hollon SD, Ponniah K: A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adults. Depress Anxiety 2010, 27:891-932.
• [24]Parker G, Parker I, Brotchie H, Stuart S: Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression? The need to define its ecological niche. J Affect Disord 2006, 95:1-11.
• [25]Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C: Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression. A systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:714-719.
• [26]Cuijpers P, Dekker J, Hollon SD, Andersson G: Adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2009, 70:1219-1229.
• [27]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E, Hollon SD, Andersson G: The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010, 40:211-223.
• [28]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Hollon SD, Andersson G: The contribution of active medication to combined treatments of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010, 121:415-423.
• [29]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Van Oppen P, Andersson G: Are psychological and pharmacologic interventions equally effective in the treatment of adult depressive disorders? A meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2008, 69:1675-1685.
• [30]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Van Schaik A, Andersson G: Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2009, 59:e51-e60.
• [31]Gloaguen V, Cottraux J, Cucherat M, Blackburn IM: A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998, 49:59-72.
• [32]Guidi J, Fava GA, Fava M, Papakostas GI: Efficacy of the sequential integration of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder: a preliminary meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2011, 41:321-331.
• [33]Cuijpers P, Geraedts AS, Van Oppen P, Andersson G, Markowitz JC, Van Straten A: Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168:581-592.
• [34]Thase ME, Greenhouse JB, Frank E, Reynolds CF III, Pilkonis PA, Hurley K, Grochocinski V, Kupfer DJ: Treatment of major depression with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:1009-1015.
• [35]De Mello MF, Myczcowisk LM, Menezes PR: A randomized controlled trial comparing moclobemide and moclobemide plus interpersonal psychotherapy in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. J Psychother Pract Res 2001, 10:117-123.
• [36]Kroenke K, Shen J, Oxman TE, Williams JW Jr, Dietrich AJ: Impact of pain on the outcomes of depression treatment: results from the RESPECT trial. Pain 2008, 134:209-215.
• [37]Poleshuck EL, Bair MJ, Kroenke K, Watts A, Tu X, Giles DE: Pain and depression in gynecology patients. Psychosomatics 2009, 50:270-276.
• [38]Poleshuck EL, Talbot NL, Su H, Tu X, Chaudron L, Gamble S, Giles DE: Pain as a predictor of depression treatment outcomes in women with childhood sexual abuse. Compr Psychiatry 2009, 50:215-220.
• [39]Karp JF, Scott J, Houck P, Reynolds CF III, Kupfer DJ, Frank E: Pain predicts longer time to remission during treatment of recurrent depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:591-597.
• [40]Yates WR, Mitchell J, Rush J, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Warden D, Hauger RB, Fava M, Gaynes BN, Husain MM, et al.: Clinical features of depressed outpatients with and without co-occurring general medical conditions in STAR*D. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004, 26:421-429.
• [41]Ferrando SJ, Freyberg Z: Treatment of depression in HIV positive individuals: a critical review. Int Rev Psychiatry 2008, 20:61-71.
• [42]Andreescu C, Lenze EJ, Dew MA, Begley AE, Mulsant BH, Dombrovski AY, Pollock BG, Stack J, Miller MD, Reynolds CF: Effect of comorbid anxiety on treatment response and relapse risk in late-life depression: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190:344-349.
• [43]Brown C, Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ, Shear MK, Houck PR: Treatment outcomes for primary care patients with major depression and lifetime anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:1293-1300.
• [44]Young JF, Mufson L, Davies M: Impact of comorbid anxiety in an effectiveness study of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45:904-912.
• [45]Reynolds CF, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Thase ME, Perel JM, Mazumdar S, Houck PR: Treatment outcome in recurrent major depression: a post hoc comparison of elderly ("young old") and midlife patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:1288-1292.
• [46]Mufson L, Moreau D, Weissman MM, Klerman GL: Interpersonal Therapy for Depressed Adolescents. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
• [47]Levkovitz Y, Shahar G, Native G, Hirsfeld E, Treves I, Krieger I, Fennig S: Group interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with major depression disorder - pilot study. J Affect Disord 2000, 60:191-195.
• [48]Lutz W: Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Expected Treatment. Respnse in Psychotherapy. J Clin Psychol 2003, 59:745-750.
• [49]World Health Organization: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
• [50]Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978, 35:773-782.
• [51]Verhagen AP, De Vet HCW, De Bie RA, Kessels AGH, Boers M, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG: The Delphi-List: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized controlled trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 1998, 51:1235-1241.
• [52]Higgins JPT, Green S (Eds): Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available from http://www.cochrane-handbook.org webcite.
• [53]Weissman MM: Recent non-medication trials of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007, 10:117-122.
• [54]Jakobsen JC, Hansen JL, Simonsen E, Gluud C: The effect of adding psychodynamic therapy to antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. J Affect Disord 2011. in press
• [55]De Maat SM, Dekker J, Schoevers RA, De Jonghe F: Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and combined therapy in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2007, 22:1-8.
• [56]Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ: Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:455-468.
• [57]Dorrepaal E, Van Nieuwenhuizen C, Schene A, De Haan R: De effectiviteit van cognitieve en interpersoonlijke therapie bij depressiebehandeling: een meta-analyse. Tijdschr Psychiatr 1998, 40:27-39.
• [58]Kotova E: A meta-analysis of Interpersonal Psychotherapy, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering 2005, 66(5-B):2828.
• [59]Cuijpers P, Andersson G, Donker T, van Straten A: Psychological treatment of depression: results of a series of meta-analyses. Nord J Psychiatry 2011, 65(6):354-364.
• [60]Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Schuurmans J, van Oppen P, Hollon SD, Andersson G: Psychotherapy for chronic major depression and dysthymia: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2010, 30(1):51-62.
• [61]Kriston L, Von Wolff A, Hölzel L: Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and combined treatments for chronic depression: a systematic review (METACHRON). BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10:95. BioMed Central Full Text
• [62]Blom MBJ, Spinhoven P, Hoffman T, Jonker K, Hoencamp E, Haffmans PMJ, Van Dyck R: Severity and duration of depression, not personality factors, predict short term outcome in the treatment of major depression. J Affect Disord 2007, 104:119-126.
• [63]Coulehan JL, Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia MJ, Rodriguez E: Treating depressed primary care patients improves their physical, mental, and social functioning. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1113-1120.
• [64]Watkins JT, Leber WR, Imber SD, Collins JF, Elkin I, Pilkonis PA, Sotsky SM, Shea MT, Glass DR: Temporal course of change of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993, 61:858-864.
• [65]Ablon JS, Jones EE: Validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy: findings from the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:775-783.
• [66]Agosti V, Ocepek-Welikson K: The efficacy of imipramine and psychotherapy in early-onset chronic depression: a reanalysis of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. J Affect Disord 1997, 43:181-186.
• [67]Barber JP, Muenz LR: The role of avoidance and obsessiveness in matching patients to cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy: empirical findings from the Treatment for Depression Collaborative Research Program. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996, 64:951-958.
• [68]Blom MBJ, Hoek HW, Spinhoven P, Hoencamp E, Haffmans PMJ, Van Dyck R: Treatment of depression in patients from ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands. Transcult Psychiatry 2010, 47:473-490.
• [69]Brown C, Schulberg HC, Sacco D, Perel JM, Houck PR: Effectiveness of treatments for major depression in primary medical care practice: a post hoc analysis of outcomes for African American and white patients. J Affect Disord 1999, 53:185-192.
• [70]Carter JD, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Mulder RT, Frampton CM, Joyce PR: Patient predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in a randomised clinical trial for depression. J Affect Disord 2011, 128:252-261.
• [71]Elkin I, Gibbons RD, Shea MT, Sotsky SM, Watkins JT, Pilkonis PA, Hedeker D: Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995, 63:841-847.
• [72]Imber SD, Pilkonis PA, Sotsky SM, Elkin I, Watkins JT, Collins JF, Shea MT, Leber WR, Glass DR: Mode-specific effects among three treatments for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990, 58:352-359.
• [73]Lave JR, Frank RG, Schulberg HC, Kamlet MS: Cost-effectiveness of treatments for major depression in primary care practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55:645-651.
• [74]Kim DM: Therapist effects and treatment effects in psychotherapy: Analysis on the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (NIMH TDCRP). Wisconsin: ProQuest Information & Learning, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering; 2003.
• [75]Shea MT, Elkin I, Imber SD, Sotsky SM, Watkins JT, Collins JF, Pilkonis PA, Beckham E, Glass DR, Dolan RT, et al.: Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49(10):782-787.
• [76]Segal ZV, Whitney DK, Lam RW, Group CDW: Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. III. Psychotherapy. Can J Psychiatry 2001, 46(Suppl 1):29S-37S.
• [77]Blom MBJ, Hoencamp E, Zwaan T: Interpersoonlijke psychotherapie voor depressie. Een pilot-onderzoek. Tijdschr Psychiatr 1996, 38:398-402.
• [78]Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Bleiberg KL, Christos PJ, Sacks M: A comparative trial of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for "pure" dysthymic patients. J Affect Disord 2005, 89:167-175.
• [79]Browne G, Steiner M, Roberts J, Gafni A, Byrne C, Dunn E, Bell B, Mills M, Chalklin L, Wallik D, et al.: Sertraline and/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs. J Affect Disord 2002, 68:317-330.
• [80]Markowitz JC: Psychotherapy of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151(8):1114-1121.
• [81]Markowitz JC: Psychotherapy for dysthymic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996, 19(1):133-149.
• [82]Svanborg C, Wistedt AA, Svanborg P: Long-term outcome of patients with dysthymia and panic disorder: a naturalistic 9-year follow-up study. Nord J Psychiatry 2008, 62(1):17-24.
• [83]Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ, Block MR, Coulehan JL, Scott CP, Rodriguez E, Black A: Major depression in primary care practice. Clinical characteristics and treatment implications. Psychosomatics 1995, 36:129-137.
• [84]Bulmash E, Harkness KL, Stewart JG, Bagby RM: Personality, stressful life events, and treatment response in major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009, 77:1067-1077.
• [85]Kushner SC, Quilty LC, McBride C, Bagby RM: A comparison of depressed patients in randomized versus nonrandomized trials of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy. Depress Anxiety 2009, 26:666-673.
• [86]Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Spanier CA, Buysse DJ, Cherry CR, Houck PR, Stapf DM, Kupfer DJ: Interpersonal psychotherapy and antidepressant medication: Evaluation of a sequential treatment strategy in women with recurrent major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2000, 61(1):51-57.
• [87]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Warmerdam L, Andersson G: Psychological treatment of depression: a meta-analytic database of randomized studies. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:36. BioMed Central Full Text
• [88]Dunner DL: Acute and maintenance treatment of chronic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:10-16.
• [89]Blanco C, Lipsitz J, Caligor E: Treatment of chronic depression with a 12-week program of interpersonal psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:371-375.
• [90]Miller IW, Keitner GI: Combined medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996, 19(1):151-171.
• [91]Reinceke MA, Ewell Foster CJ, Rogers GM, Weill R: Medication or psychotherapy for severe depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157(9):1528-1529.
• [92]Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarret DB, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ: Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47:1093-1099.
• [93]Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Magri L: Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy versus treatment as usual for depressive and anxiety disorders: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010, 198(9):647-652.
• [94]Croghan TW, Melfi CA, Dobrez DG, Kniesner TJ: Effect of mental health specialty care on antidepressant length of therapy. Med Care 1999, 37(4 Suppl Lilly):AS20-AS23.
• [95]Cuijpers P, Van Lier PA, Van Straten A, Donker M: Examining differential effects of psychological treatment of depressive disorder: an application of trajectory analyses. J Affect Disord 2005, 89(1–3):137-146.
• [96]Godfrin KA, Van Heeringen C: The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and quality of life: A randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther 2010, 48(8):738-746.
• [97]Kingston T, Dooley B, Bates A, Lawlor E, Malone K: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms. Psychol Psychother 2007, 80(Pt 2):193-203.
• [98]Schene AH, Koeter MW, Kikkert MJ, Swinkels JA, McCrone P: Adjuvant occupational therapy for work-related major depression works: randomized trial including economic evaluation. Psychol Med 2007, 37(3):351-362.
• [99]Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia MJ, Scott CP, Lave JR, Rodriguez E, Coulehan JL: The 'usual care' of major depression in primary care practice. Arch Fam Med 1997, 6(4):334-339.
• [100]Van Roijen LH, Van Straten A, Al M, Rutten F, Donker M: Cost-utility of brief psychological treatment for depression and anxiety. Br J Psychiatry 2006, 188:323-329.
• [101]Blom MBJ, Jonker K, Dusseldorp E, Spinhoven P, Hoencamp E, Haffmans J, Van Dyck R: Combination treatment for acute depression is superior only when psychotherapy is added to medication. Psychother Psychosom 2007, 76:289-297.
• [102]Luty SE, Carter JD, McKenzie JM, Rae AM, Frampton CMA, Mulder RT, Joyce PR: Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 190:496-502.
• [103]Marshall MB, Zuroff DC, McBride C, Bagby RM: Self-criticism predicts differential response to treatment for major depression. J Clin Psychol 2008, 64:231-244.
• [104]Martin SD, Martin E, Rai S, Richardson MA, Royall R: Brain blood flow changes in depressed patients treated with interpersonal psychotherapy or venlafaxine hydrochloride. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:641-648.
• [105]Schramm E, Zobel I, Dykierek P, Kech S, Brakemeier E, Külz A, Berger M: Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy for early-onset chronic depression: a randomized pilot study. J Affect Disord 2011, 129:109-116.
• [106]Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia MJ, Scott CP, Rodriguez E, Imber SD, Perel JM, Lave JR, Houck PR, Coulehan JL: Treating major depression in primary care practice. Eight-month clinical outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996, 53:913-919.
• [107]Elkin I, Shea MT, Watkins JT, Imber SD, Sotsky SM, Collins JF, Glass DR, Pilkonis PA, Leber WR, Docherty JP, et al.: National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989, 46:971-982.
• [108]O'Hara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, Wenzel A: Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:1039-1045.
• [109]American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
• [110]American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
• [111]McCullough JP: Treatment for Chronic Depression. Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press; 2000.
• [112]Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK: Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace; 1987.
• [113]Padesky CA, Greenberger D: Clinician's guide to mind over mood. New York: Guilford Press; 1995.
• [114]Stewart DE: Hepatic adverse reactions associated with nefazodone. Can J Psychiatry 2002, 47:375-377.
• [115]Zimmerman M, Posternak MA, Chelminski I: Is it time to replace the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale as the primary outcome measure in treatment studies of depression? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005, 25:105-110.
• [116]Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Schuller DR, Marshall MB: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight? Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:2163-2177.
• [117]Santen G, Danhof M, Pasqua OD: Sensitivity of the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale to response and its consequences for the assessment of efficacy. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43:1049-1056.
• [118]Schotte CKW, Maes M, Cluydts R, De Doncker D, Cosyns P: Construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory in a depressive population. J Affect Disord 1997, 46:115-125.
• [119]Richter P, Werner J, Heerlein A, Kraus A, Sauer H: On the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychopathology 1998, 31:160-168.