Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among truck drivers in the South of Brazil

BMC Public Health

Fernanda M Consolim-Colombo¹  Heno Ferreira Lopes¹  Luis Aparecido Bortolotto³  João Vicente Silveira¹  Maria Isabel Raimondo²  Ricardo Yoshimitsu Miyahara²  Mario Umberto Menon²  Maria Bernardete Ladika²  Kaline Zarowy²  Tatiane Baratieri²  Maria Regiane Trincaus²  Carine Teles Sangaleti³ 

[1] Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil;Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil;Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

关键词: Truck driver;    Prevalence;    Risk factors;    Cardiovascular diseases;   

Others  :  1126219
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-1063

 received in 2014-06-20, accepted in 2014-10-03,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Truck drivers work under conditions that predispose them to a high prevalence of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, these factors have not been fully evaluated and are not usually considered to be within the scope of health or labor services.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 long-distance truck drivers; the drivers were all male and were aged 18-60 years. The clinical evaluation consisted of an assessment of social habits and demographic data and an evaluation of risk factors for CVD at 3 time points separated by a one-week interval. To assess the associations with risk factors were used univariate and multivariate analysis. The suitability of the final model fit was assessed via the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The significance level was set at 5%.

Results

Among all of the subjects, the prevalence of physical inactivity was 72.8%; consumption of alcoholic beverages, 66.8%; routine use of some type of stimulant during work activities, 19.2%; and smoking, 29%. Only 20.8% had a healthy weight, and 58.2% had an abdominal circumference greater than 102 cm. A diagnosis of arterial hypertension was confirmed in 45.2%, and abnormal glucose levels were detected in 16.4%. Although some of the truck drivers were aware of these conditions, most were not taking specific medications. The logistic regression analysis shows that the odds of hypertension and abnormal glucose levels were increased in truck drivers with abdominal obesity. Age and the family history of premature CVD also increased the chances of hypertension and the abnormal blood glucose levels were related to II or III grade obesity.

Conclusion

Long-distance truck drivers showed a high prevalence of a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors; these risk factors make the drivers highly susceptible to the development of CVD. The associated risk factors, low compliance with drug treatment, and unique features of this profession suggest that traditional precautions are not sufficient to change this scenario.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Sangaleti et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Gersh BJ, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM, Yusuf S: The epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. Eur Heart J 2010, 31:642-648.
• [2]Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S: Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001, 104:2746-2753.
• [3]Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ: Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006, 367(9524):1747-1757.
• [4]WHO: Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/contents/en/ webcite
• [5]Shimidt MI, Duncan BB, Silva GA, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto SM, Chor D, Menezes PR: Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brasil: burden and current challenges. Lancet 2011, 377:1949-1961.
• [6]Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Hallqvist J, Hogstedt C, Lewné M, Plato N, Reuterwall C, Schéele P: Myocardial infarction among professional drivers. Epidemiology 2003, 14(3):333-339.
• [7]Apostolopoulos Y, Sönmez S, Shattell MM, Belzer M: Worksite-induced morbidities of truck drivers in the United States. AAOHN J 2010, 58(7):285-296.
• [8]Netterstrøm BO, Suadicani P: Self-assessed job satisfaction and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a 10-year follow-up of urban bus drivers. Int J Epidemiol 1993, 22(1):51-56.
• [9]Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT): National Register of Road Hauliers. http://www.antt.gov.br webcite
• [10]Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel JL, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ: Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans - a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American heart association council on high blood pressure research. Circulation 2005, 111:697-716.
• [11]Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committe: The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289(19):2560-2572.
• [12]Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001, 285(19):2486-2497.
• [13]Sartori MS, Aragon FF, Padovani CR, Pimenta WP: Contribution of post-breakfast plasma glucose to the glycemic control of type 2 diabetic patients. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2006, 50(1):53-59.
• [14]Solomon AJ, Doucette JT, Garland E, McGinn T: Healthcare and the long haul: long distance truck drivers - a medically underserved population. Am J Ind Med 2004, 46:463-471.
• [15]Siu SC, Wong KW, Lee KF, Lo YYC, Wong CKH, Chan AKL, Fong DY, Lam CL: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong professional drivers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012, 96(1):60-67.
• [16]Quah CH, Ng JM, Puar TH: Does occupational driving increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013, 99(1):e9-e11.
• [17]Tüchsen F, Hannerz H, Roepstorff C, Krause N: Stroke among male professional drivers in Denmark, 1994–2003. Occup Environ Med 2006, 63(7):456-460.
• [18]Malinauskiene V: Truck driving and risk of myocardial infarction. Przegl Lek 2003, 60(Suppl 6):89-90.
• [19]Cipullo JP, Martin JFVM, Ciorlia LAS, Godoy MRP, Cação JC, Loureiro AAC, Cesarino CB, Carvalho AC, Cordeiro JA, Burdmann EA: Hypertension prevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian urban population. Arq Bras Cardiol 2010, 94(4):519-526.
• [20]Hajjar I, Kotchen TA: Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the united states, 1988-2000. JAMA 2003, 209:199-206.
• [21]Cavagioni LC, Bensen˜or IM, Halpern A, Pierin AMG: Metabolic syndrome in professional truck drivers who work on highway BR-116 within the area of Sao Paulo city—Regis Bittencourt. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2008, 52(6):1015-1023.
• [22]Saberi HR, Moravveji AR, Fakharian E, Kashani MM, Dehdashti AR: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in bus and truck drivers in Kashan. Iran Diabetol Metab Syndrome 2011, 3(1):1-5. BioMed Central Full Text
• [23]Hirata RP, Sampaio LMM, Leitão Filho FSS, Branhiroli A, Balbi B, Romano S, Insalaco G, de Oliveira LV: General characteristics and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among interstate bus drivers. Sci World J 2012, 2012(4):1-7.
• [24]Lautitzen T, Griffin S, Borch-Johnsen K, Wareham NJ, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Rutten G: The addition study: proposed trial of the cost-effectiveness of an intensive multifactorial intervention on morbidity and mortality among people with Type 2 diabetes detected by screening. Int J Obes 2000, 3(Suppl):S6-S11.
• [25]Georg AD, Duncan BB, Toscano CM, Schmidt MI, Mengue S, Duarte C, Polanczyk AC: Economic analysis of a screening program for diabetes mellitus in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2005, 39(3):452-460.
• [26]Zhou X, Pang ZC, Gao W, Wang S, Zhang L, Ning F, Qiao Q: Performance of an A1C and fasting capillary blood glucose test for screening newly diagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes defined by an oral glucose tolerance test in Qingdao, china. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:545-550.
• [27]Olinto MTA, Nácul LC, da Costa JS D, Gigante DP, Menezes AMB, Macedo S: Intervention levels for abdominal obesity: prevalence and associated factors. Cad Saúde Pública 2006, 22(6):1207-1215.
• [28]Janghorbani M, Amini M, Willett CW, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S: First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults. Obesity 2007, 15(11):2797-2808.
• [29]Rosito AG, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Ruberg FL, Mahabadi AA, Vasan RV, O’Donnell CJ, Fox CS: Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample. Framingham Heart Study Circ 2008, 117:605-613.
• [30]Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Assael F, Vecci E, Tiberti C, Zappaterreno A, Di Mario U, Leonetti F: Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: a new indicator of cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88(11):5163-5168.
• [31]Reaven GM: Insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. How well do the emperor’s clothes fit? Diabetes Care 2004, 27(4):1011-1012.
• [32]Wisse BE: The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:2792-2800.
• [33]Jean-Louis G, Williams NJ, Sarpong D, Pandey A, Youngstedt S, Zizi F, Ogedegbe G: Associations between inadequate sleep and obesity in the US adult population: analysis of the national health interview survey (1977-2009). BMC Public Health 2014, 14(1):290. BioMed Central Full Text
• [34]Nascimento EC, Nascimento E, Silva JP: Alcohol and amphetamines use among long-distance truck drivers. Rev Saude Publica 2007, 41(2):290-293.
• [35]Crouch DJ, Birky MM, Gust SW, Rollins DE, Walsh JM, Moulden JV, Quinlan KE, Beckel RW: The prevalence of drugs and alcohol in fatally injured truck drivers. J Forensic Sci 1993, 38(6):1342-1353.
• [36]Anderson DG, Riley P: Determining standards of care for substance abuse and alcohol use in long-haul truck drivers. Nurs Clin N Am 2008, 43:357-365.
• [37]Villarinho L, Bezerra I, Lacerda R, Latorre MRDO, Paiva V, Stall R: Vulnerability to HIV and AIDS of short distance truck drivers stationed, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2002, 36(Suppl 4):61-67.
• [38]Landim MBP, Victor EG: Framingham scores for public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piauí. Arq Bras Cardiol 2006, 87(3):315-320.
• [39]Alquimin AF, Barral ABCR, Gomes KC, Rezende MC: Evaluation of labor-related and physical risk factors for cardiovascular disease in drivers of urban transport buses in Montes Claros in the state of Minas Gerais. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 2012, 17(8):2151-2158.
• [40]Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Shah AD, Denaxas S, White IR, Caulfield MJ, Deanfield JE, Smeeth L, Williams B, Hingorani A, Hemingway H: Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1 · 25 million people. Lancet 2014, 383:1899-1911.