Metabolic syndrome in hypertensive adults from rural Northeast China: an update

BMC Public Health

Yingxian Sun¹  Liqiang Zheng²  Hongmei Yang¹  Xiaofan Guo¹  Shasha Yu¹ 

[1] Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang Post code:110001, China;Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shenjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

关键词: Hypertension;    Risk factor;    Prevalence;    Metabolic syndrome;   

Others  :  1138418
DOI  :  10.1186/s12889-015-1587-7

 received in 2014-12-15, accepted in 2015-02-26,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

The last study reported the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in hypertensive residents from rural Northeast China was conducted approximately ten years ago. The purpose of this study was to update the prevalence and epidemiological features of Metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods

This survey was conducted from July 2012 to August 2013. In this study, a total of 5866 hypertensive residents from the rural Northeast China were randomly selected and examined. MetS was defined according to the to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Data regarding the demographic and lifestyle characteristics and the blood biochemical indexes of these participants were collected by well-trained personnel.

Results

The overall prevalence of MetS among hypertensive residents was 43.1%. Women had significantly higher incidence of MetS than men (56.4%vs. 29.2%, P < 0.001). Overall, 51.7%, 39.6%, 29.3% and 55.9% of the hypertensive adults had abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and increased fasting glucose. Multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for possible confounders, revealed the following factors that increased the risk of MetS: being female, older age, completion of education through high school, obesity, current smoking. Moderate physical activity, a family income between 5000–20000 CNY per year and higher diet score were correlated with lower rates of MetS.

Conclusions

The prevalence of MetS was dramatically high and exhibited a remarkably increasing trend in hypertensive rural Northeast Chinese. Female had higher incidence of MetS while male had more drastically increasing trend.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Yu et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Gao Y, Chen G, Tian H, Lin L, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Zhou Z, Ran X, Ren Y, Chen T, Yang W: Prevalence of hypertension in china: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013, 8(6):e65938.
• [2]Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, Anna V, Xie G, Yao C, et al.: Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 2008, 118(25):2679-2686.
• [3]Dong G, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang X, et al.: Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural adults from Liaoning Province, northeast China. Hypertens Res 2007, 30(10):951-958.
• [4]Zhao Y, Yan H, Marshall RJ, Dang S, Yang R, Li Q, Qin X: Trends in population blood pressure and prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among middle-aged and older adults in a rural area of Northwest China from 1982 to 2010. PLoS One 2013, 8(4):e61779.
• [5]Weycker D, Nichols GA, O’Keeffe-Rosetti M, Edelsberg J, Khan ZM, Kaura S, Oster G: Risk-factor clustering and cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2007, 20(6):599-607.
• [6]Haffner S, Taegtmeyer H: Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2003, 108:1541-5.
• [7]Marchi-Alves LM, Rigotti AR, Nogueira MS, Cesarino CB, de Godoy S: Metabolic syndrome components in arterial hypertension. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2012, 46(6):1348-53.
• [8]Xi B, He D, Hu Y, Zhou D: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009. Prev Med 2013, 57(6):867-71.
• [9]Zhang X, Sun Z, Zhang D, Zhu R, Zheng L, Liu S, et al.: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural population with hypertension in Fuxin of Liaoning Province. Chin J Endocrinol Metab 2007, 23(4):325-6. In Chinese
• [10]O’Brien E, Petrie J, Littler W, de Swiet M, Padfield PL, O’Malley K, et al.: The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of automated and semi-automated blood pressure measuring devices with special reference to ambulatory systems. J Hypertens 1990, 8(7):607-19.
• [11]Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group: The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005, 366(9491):1059-62.
• [12]Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, Barengo N, Jousilahti P: Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Eur Heart J 2004, 25(24):2212-9.
• [13]Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Risvas G, Kontogianni MD, Zampelas A, et al.: Epidemiology of overweight and obesity in a Greek adult population: the ATTICA Study. Obes Res 2004, 12(12):1914-20.
• [14]Akintunde AA, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Opadijo GO: Metabolic syndrome: comparison of occurrence using three definitions in hypertensive patients. Clin Med Res 2011, 9(1):26-31.
• [15]Thakur S, Raina S, Thakur S, Negi PC, Verma BS: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients in the hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013, 17(4):723-6.
• [16]Kelishadi R, Derakhshan R, Sabet B, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Kahbazi M, Sadri GH, et al.: The metabolic syndrome in hypertensive and normotensive subjects: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005, 34(3):243-9.
• [17]Bulhões K, Araújo L: Metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients: correlation between anthropometric data and laboratory findings. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(6):1624-6.
• [18]Guo S: Insulin signaling, resistance, and the metabolic syndrome: insights from mouse models into disease mechanisms. J Endocrinol 2014, 220(2):T1-23.
• [19]Osuji CU, Omejua EG: Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012, 16(Suppl 1):S104-9.
• [20]Ross LA, Polotsky AJ: Metabolic correlates of menopause: an update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012, 24(6):402-7.
• [21]Jouyandeh Z, Nayebzadeh F, Qorbani M, Asadi M: Metabolic syndrome and menopause. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013, 12(1):1. BioMed Central Full Text
• [22]Beltrán-Sánchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S: Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(8):697-703.
• [23]Lee SR, Cha MJ, Kang DY, Oh KC, Shin DH, Lee HY: Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive population: ten years’ trend of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Cardiol 2013, 166(3):633-639.
• [24]Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al.: Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med 2010, 362(12):1090-101.
• [25]Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-53.
• [26]Zhang X, Sun Z, Zhang X, Zheng L, Li J, Liu S, et al.: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Han and Mongolian rural population with hypertension. J Int Med Res 2007, 35(5):597-9.
• [27]Gupta R, Kaul V, Agrawal A, Guptha S, Gupta VP: Cardiovascular risk according to educational status in India. Prev Med 2010, 51(5):408-11.
• [28]Bergstrom G, Behre C, Schmidt C: Increased leisure-time physical activity is associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in 64-year old women with impaired glucose tolerance. Angiology 2012, 63:297-301.
• [29]Shariff ZM, Sulaiman N, Jalil RA, Yen WC, Yaw YH, Taib MN, et al.: Food insecurity and the metabolic syndrome among women from low income communities in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014, 23(1):138-47.
• [30]Zhang L, Guo Z, Wu M, Hu X, Xu Y, Zhou Z: Interaction of smoking and metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular risk in a Chinese cohort. Int J Cardiol 2013, 167(1):250-3.