Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)

BMC Evolutionary Biology

David M Lambert⁵  Sara Mirmoeini¹  Craig Smith⁷  Michael Hofreiter⁶  Craig D Millar²  Yusuke Watanabe⁴  Toshihiko Ogura⁴  Takayuki Suzuki³  Leon Huynen⁵ 

[1] Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand;Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan Qld 4111, Australia;Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington rd Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia

关键词: Forelimb;    Development;    Ancient DNA;    Gene expression;    Moa;    tbx5;   

Others  :  856564
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-14-75

 received in 2014-02-15, accepted in 2014-03-25,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The forelimb-specific gene tbx5 is highly conserved and essential for the development of forelimbs in zebrafish, mice, and humans. Amongst birds, a single order, Dinornithiformes, comprising the extinct wingless moa of New Zealand, are unique in having no skeletal evidence of forelimb-like structures.

Results

To determine the sequence of tbx5 in moa, we used a range of PCR-based techniques on ancient DNA to retrieve all nine tbx5 exons and splice sites from the giant moa, Dinornis. Moa Tbx5 is identical to chicken Tbx5 in being able to activate the downstream promotors of fgf10 and ANF. In addition we show that missexpression of moa tbx5 in the hindlimb of chicken embryos results in the formation of forelimb features, suggesting that Tbx5 was fully functional in wingless moa. An alternatively spliced exon 1 for tbx5 that is expressed specifically in the forelimb region was shown to be almost identical between moa and ostrich, suggesting that, as well as being fully functional, tbx5 is likely to have been expressed normally in moa since divergence from their flighted ancestors, approximately 60 mya.

Conclusions

The results suggests that, as in mice, moa tbx5 is necessary for the induction of forelimbs, but is not sufficient for their outgrowth. Moa Tbx5 may have played an important role in the development of moa’s remnant forelimb girdle, and may be required for the formation of this structure. Our results further show that genetic changes affecting genes other than tbx5 must be responsible for the complete loss of forelimbs in moa.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Huynen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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