Contrasting parasite communities among allopatric colour morphs of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Tropheus

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Filip AM Volckaert⁴  Jos Snoeks³  Tine Huyse³  Antoine Pariselle²  Maarten Van Steenberge³  Maarten PM Vanhove³  Anna K Roose⁴  Jolien Bamps⁴  Arnout F Grégoir⁴  Pascal I Hablützel⁴  Joost AM Raeymaekers¹ 

[1] Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, CH-4051, Switzerland;ISE-M, UMR5554 CNRS, UR226 IRD, Université Montpellier II – CC 063, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34095, France;Ichthyology Unit, Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, Tervuren, B-3080, Belgium;Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat, 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium

关键词: Sexual selection;    Parasite-driven speciation;    Natural selection;    Host-parasite associations;    Ecological speciation;    Endoparasite;    Ectoparasite;    Adaptive divergence;   

Others  :  1129928
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-13-41

 received in 2012-11-26, accepted in 2013-01-17,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Adaptation to different ecological environments is thought to drive ecological speciation. This phenomenon culminates in the radiations of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes. Multiple characteristic traits of cichlids, targeted by natural or sexual selection, are considered among the driving factors of these radiations. Parasites and pathogens have been suggested to initiate or accelerate speciation by triggering both natural and sexual selection. Three prerequisites for parasite-driven speciation can be inferred from ecological speciation theory. The first prerequisite is that different populations experience divergent infection levels. The second prerequisite is that these infection levels cause divergent selection and facilitate adaptive divergence. The third prerequisite is that parasite-driven adaptive divergence facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation. Here we investigate the first and the second prerequisite in allopatric chromatically differentiated lineages of the rock-dwelling cichlid Tropheus spp. from southern Lake Tanganyika (Central Africa). Macroparasite communities were screened in eight populations belonging to five different colour morphs.

Results

Parasite communities were mainly composed of acanthocephalans, nematodes, monogeneans, copepods, branchiurans, and digeneans. In two consecutive years (2011 and 2012), we observed significant variation across populations for infection with acanthocephalans, nematodes, monogeneans of the genera Gyrodactylus and Cichlidogyrus, and the copepod Ergasilus spp. Overall, parasite community composition differed significantly between populations of different colour morphs. Differences in parasite community composition were stable in time. The genetic structure of Tropheus populations was strong and showed a significant isolation-by-distance pattern, confirming that spatial isolation is limiting host dispersal. Correlations between parasite community composition and Tropheus genetic differentiation were not significant, suggesting that host dispersal does not influence parasite community diversification.

Conclusions

Subject to alternating episodes of isolation and secondary contact because of lake level fluctuations, Tropheus colour morphs are believed to accumulate and maintain genetic differentiation through a combination of vicariance, philopatric behaviour and mate discrimination. Provided that the observed contrasts in parasitism facilitate adaptive divergence among populations in allopatry (which is the current situation), and promote the evolution of reproductive isolation during episodes of sympatry, parasites might facilitate speciation in this genus.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Raeymaekers et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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