A cross-sectional study of the environment, physical activity, and screen time among young children and their parents

BMC Public Health

Ian Janssen¹  Andrei Rosu³  Valerie Carson² 

[1] Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen’s University, Carruthers Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, W1-34 Van Vliet Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada;School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

关键词: Parents;    Preschool;    Child;    Physical environment;    Screen time;    Physical activity;   

Others  :  1161321
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-61

 received in 2013-07-25, accepted in 2014-01-19,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

To develop evidence-based interventions promoting healthy active lifestyles among young children and their parents, a greater understanding is needed of the correlates of physical activity and screen time in these dyads. Physical environment features within neighborhoods may have important influences on both children and their parents. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between several features of the physical environment with physical activity and screen time among 511 young children (≤5 years old) and their parents, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors.

Methods

From May to September, 2011, parents of 0–5 year old children from Kingston, Canada completed a questionnaire that assessed socio-demographic characteristics, their physical activity and screen time, and their child’s physical activity and screen time. Guided by a previously developed conceptual framework, several physical environment features were assessed using Geographic Information Systems including, function (walkability), safety (road speed), aesthetics (streetscape), and destination (outdoor play/activity space, recreation facilities, distance to closest park, yard at home). Multilevel linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships while adjusting for several socio-demographic factors.

Results

The only independent association observed for the physical environment features was between higher outdoor play/activity space and higher screen time levels among parents. Several associations were observed with socio-demographic variables. For physical activity, child age, child care status, and family socioeconomic status (SES) were independent correlates for children while sex was an independent correlate for parents. For screen time, child age and family SES were independent correlates for children while neighborhood SES was an independent correlate for parents.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that socio-demographic factors, including social environment factors, may be more important targets than features of the physical environment for future interventions aiming to promote healthy active lifestyles in young children and their parents. Given this was one of the first studies to examine these associations in young child–parent dyads, future research should confirm and build on these findings.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Carson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Timmons BW, Leblanc AG, Carson V, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, Janssen I, Kho ME, Spence JC, Stearns JA, Tremblay MS: Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years (aged 0–4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012, 37(4):773-792.
• [2]Warburton DE, Charlesworth S, Ivey A, Nettlefold L, Bredin SS: A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s physical activity guidelines for adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:39. BioMed Central Full Text
• [3]LeBlanc AG, Spence JC, Carson V, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, Janssen I, Kho ME, Stearns JA, Timmons BW, Tremblay MS: Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (aged 0–4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012, 37(4):753-772.
• [4]Williams DM, Raynor HA, Ciccolo JT: A review of TV viewing and its associations with health outcomes in adults. Am J Lifestyle Med 2008, 2:250.
• [5]Pate RR, Baranowski T, Dowda M, Trost SG: Tracking of physical activity in young children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996, 28(1):92-96.
• [6]Biddle SJ, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R: Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med 2010, 51(5):345-351.
• [7]Carson V, Janssen I: Associations between factors within the home setting and screen time among children aged 0–5 years: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:539. BioMed Central Full Text
• [8]Colley RC, Garriguet D, Adamo KB, Carson V, Janssen I, Timmons BW, Tremblay MS: Physical activity and sedentary behavior during the early years in Canada: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013, 10:54. BioMed Central Full Text
• [9]Adamo KB, Langlois KA, Brett KE, Colley RC: Young children and parental physical activity levels: findings from the canadian health measures survey. Am J Prev Med 2012, 43(2):168-175.
• [10]Carson V: The canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines for the early years (aged 0–4 years) and screen time among children from Kingston, Ontario. Paediatr Child Health 2013, 18(1):25-28.
• [11]Biddle S, Cavill N, Ekelund U, Gorely T, Griffiths M, Jago R, Oppert J, Raats M, Salmon J, Stratton G, et al.: Sedentary behavior and obesity: Review of the current scientific evidence. In Edited by United Kingdom - Department of Health: Department for Children SaF. 2010.
• [12]McCormack G, Giles-Corti B, Lange A, Smith T, Martin K, Pikora TJ: An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours. J Sci Med Sport 2004, 7(1 Suppl):81-92.
• [13]Wendel-Vos W, Droomers M, Kremers S, Brug J, van Lenthe F: Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2007, 8(5):425-440.
• [14]Pikora T, Giles-Corti B, Bull F, Jamrozik K, Donovan R: Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Soc Sci Med 2003, 56(8):1693-1703.
• [15]Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E: Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: a review. Am J Prev Med 2002, 22(3):188-199.
• [16]Hinkley T, Crawford D, Salmon J, Okely AD, Hesketh K: Preschool children and physical activity: a review of correlates. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34(5):435-441.
• [17]Sugiyama T, Salmon J, Dunstan DW, Bauman AE, Owen N: Neighborhood walkability and TV viewing time among Australian adults. Am J Prev Med 2007, 33(6):444-449.
• [18]Hinkley T, Salmon J, Okely AD, Trost SG: Correlates of sedentary behaviours in preschool children: a review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:66. BioMed Central Full Text
• [19]Hoyos Cillero I, Jago R: Systematic review of correlates of screen-viewing among young children. Prev Med 2010, 51(1):3-10.
• [20]Vaughn A, Hales D, Ward DS: Measuring the physical activity practices used by parents of preschool children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013, 45(12):2369-2377.
• [21]Tucker P, Irwin JD, Gilliland J, He M, Larsen K, Hess P: Environmental influences on physical activity levels in youth. Health Place 2009, 15(1):357-363.
• [22]Salmon J, Spence JC, Timperio A, Cutumisu N: Living environments. In Youth physical activity and sedentary behaviour: challenges and solutions. Edited by Biddle SJ, Smith A. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2008:403-428.
• [23]Owen N, Sugiyama T, Eakin EE, Gardiner PA, Tremblay MS, Sallis JF: Adults’ sedentary behavior determinants and interventions. Am J Prev Med 2011, 41(2):189-196.
• [24]Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM: Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011, 8:71. BioMed Central Full Text
• [25]McCormack GR, Shiell A: In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011, 8:125. BioMed Central Full Text
• [26]Tresidder M: Using GIS to measure connectivity: An exploration of issues. Portland, OR: Portland State University; 2005.
• [27]Janssen I, Rosu A: Measuring sidewalk distances using Google Earth. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012, 12:39. BioMed Central Full Text
• [28]Carson V, Janssen I: Neighborhood disorder and screen time among 10–16 year old Canadian youth: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012, 9:66. BioMed Central Full Text
• [29]Schlossberg M, Greene J, Phillips PP, Johnson B, Parker B: Effects of urban form and distance on travel mode. J Am Plann Assoc 2006, 37(3):337-346.
• [30]Norman GJ, Nutter SK, Ryan S, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, Patrick K: Community design and access to recreational facilities as correlates of adolescent physical activity and body mass. J Phys Act Health 2006, 3(Suppl 1):S118-S128.
• [31]Statistics Canada: 2008–2009 National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Avaliable at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=4450&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2 webcite. Accessed September, 2011
• [32]Janz KF, Broffitt B, Levy SM: Validation evidence for the Netherlands physical activity questionnaire for young children: the Iowa bone development study. Res Q Exerc Sport 2005, 76(3):363-369.
• [33]Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN: Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007, 161(5):473-479.
• [34]Anderson DR, Field DE, Collins PA, Lorch EP, Nathan JG: Estimates of young children’s time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse video home observation. Child Dev 1985, 56(5):1345-1357.
• [35]Godin G, Shephard RJ: A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1985, 10(3):141-146.
• [36]Statistics Canada: 2000 Canadian Community Health Survey. Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/health-sante/index-eng.htm webcite. Accessed September, 2011
• [37]Cohen J: A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992, 112(1):155-159.
• [38]Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD, Cain KL, Conway TL, Chapman JE, Slymen DJ, Kerr J: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates of adults’ physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012, 44(4):637-646.
• [39]Brown PR, Brown WJ, Miller YD, Hansen V: Perceived constraints and social support for active leisure among mothers with young children. Leisure Sc 2001, 23:131-144.
• [40]Brown WJ, Mishra G, Lee C, Bauman A: Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000, 71(3):206-216.
• [41]Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W: Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34(12):1996-2001.
• [42]Carson V, Spence JC, Cutumisu N, Cargill L: Association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and screen time among pre-school children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:367. BioMed Central Full Text
• [43]Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL: Modern Epidemiology. 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
• [44]Rosenbaum R, Austin L, Blanchette R, Dixon L, Donovan T, Dowker M, Greek K, Hockey K, Hughes M, MacRae K, Peters R, Sheriff V, Varma B: Review of Early Learning & Child Care in Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington. United Way Success by 6; 2008.