Systematic literature review assessing tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children

BMC Pediatrics

Parthiv J Mahadevia³  Ann D Colosia¹  Amy M Barrett¹  Anthony Masaquel³  Joseph R DiFranza² 

[1] RTI Health Solutions, 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA;Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA;MedImmune, Health Outcomes & Pharmacoeconomics, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA

关键词: Children;    Smoking;    Tobacco;    Respiratory infection;    Respiratory syncytial virus;   

Others  :  1170763
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2431-12-81

 received in 2011-09-21, accepted in 2012-06-21,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

The role of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease among infants and young children has not been clearly established. This systematic review was conducted to explore the association between ETS exposure and serious RSV disease in children younger than 5 years, including infants and young children with elevated risk for serious RSV disease.

Methods

A systematic review of English-language studies using the PubMed and EMBASE databases (1990–2009) was performed to retrieve studies that evaluated ETS as a potential risk factor for serious RSV illness. Studies assessing risk factors associated with hospitalization, emergency department visit, or physician visit due to RSV (based on laboratory confirmation of RSV or clinical diagnosis of RSV) in children under the age of 5 years were included.

Results

The literature search identified 30 relevant articles, categorized by laboratory confirmation of RSV infection (n = 14), clinical diagnosis of RSV disease (n = 8), and assessment of RSV disease severity (n = 8). Across these three categories of studies, at least 1 type of ETS exposure was associated with statistically significant increases in risk in multivariate or bivariate analysis, as follows: 12 of 14 studies on risk of hospitalization or ED visit for laboratory-confirmed RSV infection; 6 of 8 studies of RSV disease based on clinical diagnosis; and 5 of the 8 studies assessing severity of RSV as shown by hospitalization rates or degree of hypoxia. Also, 7 of the 30 studies focused on populations of premature infants, and the majority (5 studies) found a significant association between ETS exposure and RSV risk in the multivariate or bivariate analyses.

Conclusion

We found ample evidence that ETS exposure places infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for RSV-attributable lower respiratory tract infection and increases the severity of illness among hospitalized children. Additional evidence is needed regarding the association of ETS exposure and outpatient RSV lower respiratory tract illness. Challenges and potential pitfalls of assessing ETS exposure in children are discussed.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 DiFranza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Hall CB: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th edition. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1998:2084-2110.
• [2]Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Auinger P, Griffin MR, Poehling KA, Erdman D, et al.: The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N Engl J Med 2009, 360(6):588-598.
• [3]Holman RC, Shay DK, Curns AT, Lingappa JR, Anderson LJ: Risk factors for bronchiolitis-associated deaths among infants in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22(6):483-490.
• [4]Boyce TG, Mellen BG, Mitchel EF, Wright PF, Griffin MR: Rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection among children in Medicaid. J Pediatr 2000, 137(6):865-870.
• [5]Nielsen HE, Siersma V, Andersen S, Gahrn-Hansen B, Mordhorst CH, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Roder B, Sorensen TL, Temme R, Vestergaard BF: Respiratory syncytial virus infection—risk factors for hospital admission: a case–control study. Acta Paediatr 2003, 92(11):1314-1321.
• [6]von Linstow ML, Hogh M, Nordbo SA, Eugen-Olsen J, Koch A, Hogh B: A community study of clinical traits and risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life. Eur J Pediatr 2008, 167(10):1125-1133.
• [7]Nafstad P, Jaakkola JJ, Hagen JA, Botten G, Kongerud J: Breastfeeding, maternal smoking and lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1996, 9(12):2623-2629.
• [8]Carbonell-Estrany X, Quero J, Bustos G, Cotero A, Domenech E, Figueras-Aloy J, Fraga JM, Garcia LG, Garcia-Alix A, Del Rio MG, et al.: Rehospitalization because of respiratory syncytial virus infection in premature infants younger than 33 weeks of gestation: a prospective study. IRIS Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19(7):592-597.
• [9]Carbonell-Estrany X, Quero J: Hospitalization rates for respiratory syncytial virus infection in premature infants born during two consecutive seasons. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001, 20(9):874-879.
• [10]Law BJ, Langley JM, Allen U, Paes B, Lee DS, Mitchell I, Sampalis J, Walti H, Robinson J, O'Brien K, et al.: The Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada study of predictors of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants born at 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23(9):806-814.
• [11]Reeve CA, Whitehall JS, Buettner PG, Norton R, Reeve DM, Francis F: Predicting respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation in Australian children. J Paediatr Child Health 2006, 42(5):248-252.
• [12]Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, Karron RA, Harrison LH, Alaska RSVSG: Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among Alaska native children. Pediatrics 2002, 109(2):210-216.
• [13]Office of Health and Environmental Assessment: Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders (EPA/600/6-90/006F). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC; 1992.
• [14]Committee on Infectious Diseases: From the American Academy of Pediatrics: Policy statements–Modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics 2009, 124(6):1694-1701.
• [15]Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009, 6(7):e1000097.
• [16]The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias http://www.ohg.cochrane.org/forms/Risk%20of%20bias%20assessment%20tool.pdf webcite
• [17]The IMpact-RSV Study Group: Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics 1998, 102(3 Pt 1):531-537.
• [18]Horn SD, Smout RJ: Effect of prematurity on respiratory syncytial virus hospital resource use and outcomes. J Pediatr 2003, 143(5 suppl):S133-S141.
• [19]Broughton S, Roberts A, Fox G, Pollina E, Zuckerman M, Chaudhry S, Greenough A: Prospective study of healthcare utilisation and respiratory morbidity due to RSV infection in prematurely born infants. Thorax 2005, 60(12):1039-1044.
• [20]Figueras-Aloy J, Carbonell-Estrany X, Quero-Jimenez J, Fernandez-Colomer B, Guzman-Cabanas J, Echaniz-Urcelay I, Domenech-Martinez E: FLIP-2 Study: risk factors linked to respiratory syncytial virus infection requiring hospitalization in premature infants born in Spain at a gestational age of 32 to 35 weeks. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(9):788-793.
• [21]Figueras-Aloy J, Carbonell-Estrany X, Quero J: Case–control study of the risk factors linked to respiratory syncytial virus infection requiring hospitalization in premature infants born at a gestational age of 33–35 weeks in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23(9):815-820.
• [22]Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Ray CG, Taussig LM, Lebowitz MD: Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory illnesses in the first year of life. Am J Epidemiol 1991, 133(11):1135-1151.
• [23]Gurkan F, Kiral A, Dagli E, Karakoc F: The effect of passive smoking on the development of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Eur J Epidemiol 2000, 16(5):465-468.
• [24]Hall CB, Hall WJ, Gala CL, MaGill FB, Leddy JP: Long-term prospective study in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Pediatr 1984, 105(3):358-364.
• [25]Hayes EB, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB, Anderson LJ: Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak on American Samoa. Evaluation of risk factors. Am J Dis Child 1989, 143(3):316-321.
• [26]Stensballe LG, Kristensen K, Simoes EA, Jensen H, Nielsen J, Benn CS, Aaby P: Atopic disposition, wheezing, and subsequent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in Danish children younger than 18 months: a nested case–control study. Pediatrics 2006, 118(5):e1360-e1368.
• [27]Gavin NI, Leader S: Predictive accuracy of risk factors for RSV-related hospitalizations among infants in low-income families born at 32 to 35 weeks of gestation. J Clin Outcomes Manag 2007, 14(6):323-331.
• [28]Carroll KN, Gebretsadik T, Griffin MR, Dupont WD, Mitchel EF, Wu P, Enriquez R, Hartert TV: Maternal asthma and maternal smoking are associated with increased risk of bronchiolitis during infancy. Pediatrics 2007, 119(6):1104-1112.
• [29]Koehoorn M, Karr CJ, Demers PA, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Brauer M: Descriptive epidemiological features of bronchiolitis in a population-based cohort. Pediatrics 2008, 122(6):1196-1203.
• [30]Marbury MC, Maldonado G, Waller L: The indoor air and children's health study: methods and incidence rates. Epidemiology 1996, 7(2):166-174.
• [31]McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ: Parental smoking, presence of older siblings, and family history of asthma increase risk of bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 1986, 140(8):806-812.
• [32]Groothuis JR, Gutierrez KM, Lauer BA: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1988, 82(2):199-203.
• [33]Al-Shehri MA, Sadeq A, Quli K: Bronchiolitis in Abha, Southwest Saudi Arabia: viral etiology and predictors for hospital admission. West Afr J Med 2005, 24(4):299-304.
• [34]Somech R, Tal G, Gilad E, Mandelberg A, Tal A, Dalal I: Epidemiologic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors associated with severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006, 45(7):621-627.
• [35]Al-Sonboli N, Hart CA, Al-Aghbari N, Al-Ansi A, Ashoor O, Cuevas LE: Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease in children, Yemen. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(9):1437-1439.
• [36]Bradley JP, Bacharier LB, Bonfiglio J, Schechtman KB, Strunk R, Storch G, Castro M: Severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is affected by cigarette smoke exposure and atopy. Pediatrics 2005, 115(1):e7-e14.
• [37]Chatzimichael A, Tsalkidis A, Cassimos D, Gardikis S, Tripsianis G, Deftereos S, Ktenidou-Kartali S, Tsanakas I: The role of breastfeeding and passive smoking on the development of severe bronchiolitis in infants. Minerva Pediatr 2007, 59(3):199-206.
• [38]Sritippayawan S, Prapphal N, Wong P, Tosukhowong P, Samransamruajkit R, Deerojanawong J: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection. J Med Assoc Thai 2006, 89(12):2097-2103.
• [39]Reese AC, James IR, Landau LI, Lesouef PN: Relationship between urinary cotinine level and diagnosis in children admitted to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992, 146(1):66-70.
• [40]Benowitz NL, Jacob P: Nicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993, 53(3):316-323.
• [41]Tobacco use among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups—African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, Hispanics. A Report of the Surgeon General. Executive summary MMWR Recomm Rep 1998, 47(RR-18):v-xv. 1–16
• [42]Windham GC, Swan SH, Fenster L: Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135(12):1394-1403.
• [43]Office of the Surgeon General: The health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. In Edited by Services UDoHaH. Washington, DC. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2004.