BMC Public Health | |
The effectiveness of the Allen Carr smoking cessation training in companies tested in a quasi-experimental design | |
Marike van Kalken4  Diederick Vos2  Rixt Zuidema3  Arie Dijkstra1  | |
[1] University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands;Jobsites Inc., Amsterdam, Amsterdam, UK;University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;Bewegen Werkt Holding B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands | |
关键词: CO validation; Quasi-experimental; Allen Carr training; Smoking cessation; | |
Others : 1127044 DOI : 10.1186/1471-2458-14-952 |
|
received in 2014-04-10, accepted in 2014-09-08, 发布年份 2014 | |
【 摘 要 】
Background
The Allen Carr training (ACt) is a popular one-session smoking cessation group training that is provided by licensed organizations that have the permission to use the Allen Carr method. However, few data are available on the effectiveness of the training.
Methods
In a quasi-experimental design the effects of the existing practice of providing the ACt to smokers (n = 124) in companies on abstinence, were compared to changes in abstinence in a cohort of similar smokers in the general population (n = 161). To increase comparability of the smokers in both conditions, smokers in the control condition were matched on the group level on baseline characteristics (fourteen variables) to the smokers in the ACt. The main outcome measure was self-reported continuous abstinence after 13 months, which was validated using a CO measurement in the Act condition.
Results
Logistic regression analyses showed that when baseline characteristics were comparable, significantly more responding smokers were continuously abstinent in the ACt condition compared to the control condition, Exp(B) = 6.52 (41.1% and 9.6%, respectively). The all-cases analysis was also significant, Exp(B) = 5.09 (31.5% and 8.3%, respectively).
Conclusion
Smokers following the ACt in their company were about 6 times more likely to be abstinent, assessed after 13 months, compared to similar smokers in the general population. Although smokers in both conditions did not differ significantly on 14 variables that might be related to cessation success, the quasi-experimental design allows no definite conclusion about the effectiveness of the ACt. Still, these data support the provision of the ACt in companies.
【 授权许可】
2014 Dijkstra et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
---|---|---|---|
20150219032042165.pdf | 276KB | download | |
Figure 1. | 66KB | Image | download |
【 图 表 】
Figure 1.
【 参考文献 】
- [1]Allen Carr’s Easyway How to stop smoking and still enjoy life? 2013. Available from: http://allencarr.com/ webcite
- [2]Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Neuberger M: Smoking cessation at the workplace: 1 year success of short seminars. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006, 79:42-48. doi:10.1007/s00420-005-0034-y
- [3]Moshammer H, Neuberger M: Long term success of short smoking cessation seminars supported by occupational health care. Addict Behav 2007, 32:1486-1493. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.10.002
- [4]Foulds J: Brief evaluation of the “Easy Way To Stop Smoking” Clinic, Raynes Park. London: St George’s Hospital Medical School; 1996:1-7.
- [5]Campbell DT, Stanley JC: Experimental And Quasi-Experimental Designs For Research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1963.
- [6]Darkes J, Goldman MS: Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: experimental evidence for a mediational process. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993, 61:344-353. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.61.2.344
- [7]Darkes J, Goldman MS: Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1998, 6:64-76. doi:10.1037//1064-1297.6.1.64
- [8]Wood MD, Capone C, Laforge R, Erisckson DJ, Brand NH: Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: A randomized factorial study. Addict Behav 2007, 32:2509-2528. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.018
- [9]Copeland A, Brandon T: Testing the causal role of expectancies in smoking motivation and behavior. Addict Behav 2000, 2:445-449. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00003-9
- [10]Dijkstra A, Conijn B, De Vries H: A match-mismatch test of a stage model in tobacco smoking. Addiction 2006, 101:1035-1043. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01419.x
- [11]Gwaltney CJ, Metrik J, Kahler CW, Shiffman S: Self-efficacy and smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Psychol Addict Behav 2009, 23:56-66. doi:10.1037/a0013529
- [12]Dijkstra A, Borland R: Residual outcome expectations and relapse in ex-smokers. Health Psychol 2003, 22:340-346. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.4.340
- [13]Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification: Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2002, 4:149-159. doi:10.1080/14622200210123581
- [14]Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO: The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991, 86:1119-1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
- [15]Dijkstra A, Buunk AP: (2008). Self-evaluative emotions and expectations of self-evaluative emotions in health behavior change. Br J Soc Ps 2008, 19:119-137. doi:10.1348/014466607X216133
- [16]Dijkstra A, Tromp D, Conijn B: Stage-specific psychological determinants of stage transition. Br J Health Psychol 2003, 8:423-437. doi:10.1348/135910703770238284
- [17]Dijkstra A, De Vries H: Self-efficacy with regard to different tasks in smoking cessation. Psychol Health 2000, 15:501-511. doi:10.1080/08870440008402009
- [18]Mudde AN, Kok GJ, Strecher VJ: Self-efficacy as a predictor for the cessation of smoking: Methodological issues and implications for smoking cessation programs. Psychol Health 1995, 10:353-367. doi:10.1080/08870449508401956
- [19]West R, Hajek P, Stead LS, Stapleton J: Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard. Addict299-303. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x
- [20]Vangeli E, Stapleton J, Smit ES, Borland R, West R: Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: A systematic review. Addiction 2011, 106:2110-2121. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x
- [21]Ouellette JA, Wood W: Habit and Intention in Everyday Life: The Multiple Processes by Which Past Behavior Predicts Future Behavior. Psychol Bull 1998, 124:54-74. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.1.54
- [22]Baron-Epel O, Messika AH: Factors associated with age of smoking initiation in adult populations from different ethnic backgrounds. Eur J Public Health 2004, 14:301-305. doi:10.1093/eurpub/14.3.301
- [23]Everett SA, Warren CW, Sharp D, Kann L, Husten CG, Crossett LS: Initiation of cigarette smoking behavior among U.S. high school students. Prev Med 1999, 29:327-333. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0560
- [24]STIVORO – voor een rookvrije toekomst: Roken, de harde feiten: Jeugd 2012. Den Haag: STIVORO – voor een rookvrije toekomst. 2012. Beschikbaar via: http://stivoro.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/docs/factsheets/jongeren/Fact%20sheet%20RJM%202012.pdf webcite
- [25]Escobedo LG, Marcus SE, Holtzman D, Giovino GA: Sports Participation, Age at Smoking Initiation, and the Risk of Smoking Among US High School Students. JAMA 1993, 269:1391-1395.
- [26]Gould SG, Watters T: Are single-session smoking cessation groups a feasible option for rural Australia? Outcomes from a pilot study. J Smok Cess 2014. FirstView, 1–6. doi:10.1017/jsc.2014.4