Hepatitis B assays in serum, plasma and whole blood on filter paper

BMC Clinical Pathology

Louise R King¹  Daniel M Clark⁴  Sean P Culver³  Scott A Williams³  Ann E Knebel²  Roberto L Vargas²  Theodor K Mayer² 

[1] Shyira Hospital, B.P. 26, Ruhengeri, Shyira, Rwanda;Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA;Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA;Printing Materials and Applications Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA

关键词: Surface antibody;    Surface antigen;    Dried blood spot;    Hepatitis B;   

Others  :  1085407
DOI  :  10.1186/1472-6890-12-8

 received in 2011-11-02, accepted in 2012-05-09,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Screening and determining the immune status of individuals for hepatitis B is usually done by detecting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen-specific antibodies (HBsAb). In some countries with the highest viral burden, performing these assays is currently impractical. This paper explores the use of filter paper as a blood specimen transport medium.

Methods

Samples, chosen from routine clinical laboratory pool, were applied and dried onto filter paper. Eluates, from the paper samples, were analyzed as routine clinical specimens on ADVIA Centaur 5634® immunoassay analyzers using the standard HBsAg and HBsAb kits. Dried blood samples were subjected to a range of environmental conditions in order to assess stability.

Results

After drying and elution the assays showed linearity and precision comparable to clinical assays performed on fresh serum. Elutions at various times during a 149 day incubation period showed very little variability in the Index numbers. All analytes were temperature stable except for a decrease in the HBsAg signal at 42°C.

Conclusions

Filter paper is an acceptable storage and transport medium for serum to be used in the detection of hepatitis B markers if atmospheric variability can be controlled. HBsAg, HBsAb and HBcAb are all stable for at least five months under storage conditions below room temperature. Drying specimens, particularly serum, on filter paper at remote locations, offers a reasonable solution to the problem of hepatitis surveillance in underdeveloped regions, although some attempt at temperature control might be desirable.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Mayer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Williams R: Global challenges in liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2006, 44(3):521-526.
• [2]World Health Organization: . , ; . http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ webcite(Accessed January 21, 2011)
• [3]Dienstag JL: Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1486-1500.
• [4]Pungpapong S, Kim W, Poterucha J: Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: an Update for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc 2007, 82(8):967.
• [5]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005, 54(RR16):1-23.
• [6]Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, Jacobson IM, Martin P, Schiff ER, Tobias H, Wright TL: A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: an update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4(8):936-962.
• [7]Lok A, McMahon B: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline. Chronic Hepatitis B Hepatology 2007, 45(2):507-539.
• [8]Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, Inadomi JM, Kern ER, McHugh JA, Gm P, Rein MF, Strader DB, Trotter HT: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 2009, 150:104-110.
• [9]Roome AJ, Walsh SJ, Carter ML, Hadler JL: Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut public safety personnel. JAMA 1993, 270:2931-2934.
• [10]Whittle H, Jaffar S, Wansbrough M, Mendy M, Dumpis U, Collinson A, Hall A: Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in Gambian children. BMJ 2002, 325:569-573.
• [11]Lira R, Maldonado-Rodriguez A, Rojas-Montes O, Ruiz-Tachiquin M, Torres-Ibarra R, Cano-Dominguez C, Valdez-Salazar H, Gomez-Delgado A, Munoz O, Alvarez-Munoz MT: Use of dried blood samples for monitoring hepatitis B virus infection. Virol J 2009, 6(153):153-158.
• [12]Tappin DM, Greer K, Cameron S, Kennedy R, Brown AJ, Girdwood RWA: Maternal antibody to hepatitis B core antigen detected in dried neonatal blood spot samples. Epidemiol Infect 1998, 121(2):387-390.
• [13]Lofgren SM, Morrissey AB, Chevallier CC, Malabeja AI, Edmonds S, Amos B, Sifuna DJ, von Seidlein L, Schimana W, Stevens WS, Bartlett JA, Crump JA: Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities. AIDS 2009, 23(18):2459-2466.
• [14]Parker SP, Cubitt WD: The use of the dried blood spot sample in epidemiological studies Am. J Clin Path 1999, 52(9):633-639.
• [15]Parker SP, Khan HI, Cubitt WD: Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spot samples from mothers and their offspring in Lahore. Pakistan J Clin Microbiol 1999, 137(6):2061-2063.
• [16]Rice PS, Ang L, Shin GY, Maxwell D: The diagnostic utility of dried blood spot testing in hepatitis C infection. Gut 2003, 52:396.
• [17]Wu JC, Lee SD, Hsiao KJ, Wang SS, Chou PS, Tsao D, Tsai DYT, Lui WY, Chiang JH, Lo KJ: Mass-screening of primary hepatocellular-carcinoma by alpha-fetoprotein in a rural area of Taiwan. Liver 1988, 8(2):100-104.
• [18]: ADVIA Centaur and ADVIA Centaur XP Assay Manual. Revision J 2008, :.
• [19]Singh J, Bhatia R, Khare S, Patnaik SK, Biswas S, Lal S, Jain DC, Sokhey J: Community studies on prevalence of HbsAg in two urban populations of southern India. Indian Pediatr 2001, 38:1318-1325.
• [20]Villar LM, de Oliveira JC, Cruz HM, Yoshida CFT, Lampe E, Lewis-Ximenez LL: Assessment of dried blood spot samples as a simple method for detection of hepatitis B virus markers. J Med Virol 2011, 83:1522-1529.
• [21]Mendy M, Kirk GD, van der Sande M, Jeng-Barry A, Lesi OA, Hainaut P, Sam O, McConkey S, Whittle H: Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia and alpha-foetoprotein from dried blood spots: application to field-based studies and to clinical care in hepatitis B virus endemic areas. J Viral Hepat 2005, 12:642-647.