In vitro Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity of Root Extract/Fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Sreenivasan Sasidharan²  Kit-Lam Chan¹  Rahmah Noordin²  Nowroji Kavitha² 

[1] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

关键词: Toxoplamacidal activity;    Toxoplasmosis;    Antiparasite;    Eurycoma longifolia;    Toxoplasma gondii;   

Others  :  1232124
DOI  :  10.1186/1472-6882-12-91

 received in 2012-02-10, accepted in 2012-06-28,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Toxoplasma gondii infection causes toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease with worldwide prevalence. The limited efficiency of drugs against this infection, their side effects and the potential appearance of resistant strains make the search of novel drugs an essential need. We examined Eurycoma longifolia root extract and fractions as potential sources of new compounds with high activity and low toxicity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti-T. gondii activity of crude extract (TACME) and four fractions (TAF 273, TAF 355, TAF 191 and TAF 401) from E. longifolia, with clindamycin as the positive control.

Methods

In vitro toxoplasmacidal evaluation was performed using Vero cells as host for T. gondii. Light microscopy technique was used to study in situ antiparasitic activity.

Results

Significant anti-T. gondii activity was observed with clindamycin (EC50 = 0.016 μg/ml), follow by TAF 355 (EC50 = 0.369 μg/ml) and TAF 401 (EC50 = 0.882 μg/ml). Light microscopy revealed that most Vero cells were infected after 3 h of exposure to T. gondii. After 36 h of exposure to the E. longifolia fraction, the host Vero cells showed no visible intracellular parasite and no remarkable morphological changes.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that TAF 355 and TAF401 fractions may be the sources of new anti-T. gondii compounds.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Kavitha et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Sreenivasan S, Yoga Latha L: Time To Revisit Neglected Tropical Diseases In The New Viewpoint. Webmed Central Trop Med 2010, 1(9):WMC00517.
• [2]Luder CG, Bohne W, Soldati D: Toxoplasmosis: a persisting challenge. Trends Parasitol 2001, 17:460-463.
• [3]Kasper LH: Toxoplasma Infection. Columbus, OH, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2002. Available: www.harrisonsonline.com webcite
• [4]McFadden GI: Plastids and protein targeting. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1999, 46:339-346.
• [5]Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O: Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 2004, 363:1965-1976.
• [6]Butler D: Vaccine venture boosts health hopes. Nature 2009, 461:323–323.
• [7]Gimlette JD, Thomson HW: A Dictionary of Malayan Medicine. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Oxford University Press; 1977:183.
• [8]Perry LM: Medicinal Plants for East and Southeast Asia. Attributed Properties and Uses. MA: M.I.T. Press; 1980:389.
• [9]Itokawa H, Kishi E, Morita H, Takeya K: Cytotoxic quassinoids and tirucallane-type triterpenes from the woods of Eurycoma longifolia. Chem Pharm Bull 1992, 40:1053-1055.
• [10]Chan KL, O'Neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC: Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs. Part 3. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Planta Med 1986, 52:105-107.
• [11]Chan KL, Lee SP, Sam TW, Han BH: A quassinoid glycoside from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Phytochemistry 1989, 28:2857-2859.
• [12]Chan KL, Lee SP, Sam TW, Tan SC, Noguchi H, Sankawa U: 138,18-dihydroeurycomanol, a quassinoid from Eurycoma Iongifolia. Phytochemistry 1991, 30:3138-3141.
• [13]Ang HH, Chan KL, Mak JW: Effect of 7-day daily replacement of culture medium containing Eurycoma longifolia Jack constituents on the Malaysian Plasmodium falciparum isolates. J Ethnopharmacol 1995, 49:171-175.
• [14]Ang HH, Chan KL, Wah Mak J: In vitro antimalarial activity of quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia against Malaysian chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Planta Med 1995, 61:177-178.
• [15]Kardono LBS, Angerhofer CK, Tsauri S, Padmawinata K, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD: Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents of the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. J Nat Prod 1991, 54:1360-1367.
• [16]Morita H, Kishi E, Takeya K, Itokawa H, Iitaka Y: New quassinoids from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Chem Lett 1990, 5:749-752.
• [17]Itokawa H, Kishi E, Morita H, Takeya K: Cytotoxic quassinoids and tirucallane-type triterpenes from the woods of Eurycoma longifolia. Chem Pharm Bul 1992, 40:1053-1055.
• [18]Itokawa H, Qin XR, Morita H, Takeya K, Iitaka Y: Novel quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia. Chem Pharm Bul 1993, 41:403-405.
• [19]Chan KL, Choo CY, Noor RA, Zakiah I: Antiplasmodial studies of Eurycoma longifolia Jack using the lactate dehydrogenase assay of Plasmodium falciparum. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 92:223-227.
• [20]Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan KL, Sasidharan S: Cytotoxicity activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack root against vero and Hs27cells. J Med Plants Res 2010, 4:2383-2387.
• [21]Cover B, Gutteridge WE: A primary screen for drugs to prevent transmission of Chagas's disease during blood transfusion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982, 76:633-635.
• [22]Sheng-Xia C, Liang W, Xu-Gan J, Yao-Yu F, Jian-Ping C: Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of GAS in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 118:503-507.
• [23]Rezai HR, Sher S, Gettner S: Leishmania tropica, L. donovani and L. enriettii: immune rabbit serum inhibitory in vitro. Exp Parasitol 1969, 26:257-263.
• [24]Belloni A, Villena I, Gomez JE, Pelloux H, Bonhomme A, Guenounou M, Pinon JM, Aubert D: Regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha and its specific receptors during Toxoplasma gondii infection in human monocytic cells. Parasitol Res 2003, 89:207-213.
• [25]Williams C, Espinosa OA, Montenegro H, Cubilla L, Capson TL, Ortega-Barría E, Romero LI: Hydrosoluble formazan XTT: its application to natural products drug discovery for Leishmania. J Microbiol Methods 2003, 55:813-816.
• [26]Park H, Kim MS, Jeon BH, Kim TK, Kim YM, Ahnn J, Kwon DY, Takaya Y, Wataya Y, Kimm HS: Antimalarial activity of herbal extracts used in traditional medicine in Korea. Biol Pharm Bull 2003, 26:1623-1624.
• [27]Renslo AR, McKerrow JH: Drug discovery and development for neglected parasitic diseases. Nat Chem Biol 2006, 2:701-710.
• [28]Fichera ME, Roos DS: A plastid organelle as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 1997, 390:407-409.
• [29]Roos DS, Donald RGK, Mourrissette NS, Moulton ALC: Molecular tools for genetic dissection of the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondii. Methods Cell Biol 1994, 45:27-63.
• [30]Choi KM, Gang J, Yun J: Anti-Toxoplasma gondiiRH strain activity of herbal extracts used in traditional medicine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 32:360-362.
• [31]Sasidharan S, Yoga Latha L, Angeline T, Méndez-Vilas A, Díaz J: ImagingIn vitro anti-biofilm activity to visualize the ultrastructural changes. In Microscopy: Science, Technology, Applications and Education. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex 2010, 622:622-626.
• [32]Haverkos HW: Toxoplasmic encephalitis study group. Assessment of therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis. Am J Med 1987, 82:907-914.
• [33]Strobl JS, Seibert CW, Li Y, Nagarkatti R, Mitchell SM, Rosypal AC, Rathore D, Lindsay DS: Inhibition ofToxoplasma gondiiandplasmodium falciparuminfections in vitroby NSC3852, a redox active antiproliferative and tumor cell differentiation agent. J Parasitol 2009, 95:215-223.
• [34]Strobl JS, Cassell M, Mitchell SM, Reilly CM, Lindsay DS: Scriptaid and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid are histone deacetylase inhibitors with potent anti–Toxoplasma gondii activity in vitro. J Parasitol 2007, 93:694-700.
• [35]Baggish AL, Hill DR: Anti-parasitic agent atovaquone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46:1163-1173.
• [36]Tambi MI: Glycoprotein water-soluble extract of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack as a health supplement in management of Health aging in aged men. In Aging Male. Edited by Lunenfeld B. Berlin, Germany: Abstracts of the 3rd World Congress on the Aging Male; 2002:6.
• [37]Purwantiningsih , Hussin AH, Chan KL: Free radical scavenging activity of the standardized ethanolic extract of Eurycoma longifolia (TAF-273). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011, 3:343-347.
• [38]Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T: Mitochondria, oxidants and ageing. Cell 2005, 120:483-495.
• [39]Wang W, Fang H, Groom L, Cheng A, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang X, Li K, Han P, Zheng M, Yin J, Wang W, Mattson MP, Kao JP, Lakatta EG, Sheu SS, Ouyang K, Chen J, Dirksen RT, Cheng H: Superoxide flashes in single mitochondria. Cell 2008, 134:279-290.