Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among Jordanians: Effect of biological and habitual factors on vitamin D status

BMC Clinical Pathology

Khalid Z Matalka¹  Tawfiq A Arafat³  Nasir M Idkaidek²  Nidal A Qinna¹  Mays A ElManaseer²  Mohammad F Hamad¹  Eyad M Mallah³ 

[1] Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman, Jordan;Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman, Jordan;Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman, Jordan

关键词: Jordan;    Hypovitaminosis D;    Dress Styles;    Diet;    Vitamin D₃;    Vitamin D₂;    (25-OHD);   

Others  :  1085588
DOI  :  10.1186/1472-6890-11-8

 received in 2011-05-24, accepted in 2011-08-04,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

Background

Vitamin D is cutaneously synthesized following sun exposure (vitamin D₃) as well as it is derived from dietary intake (vitamin D₃ and D₂). Vitamin D₂ and D₃ are metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). This metabolite is considered the functional indicator of vitamin D stores in humans. Since Jordan latitude is 31°N, cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D₃ should be sufficient all year round. However, many indications reveal that it is not the case. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the 25(OH)D status among Jordanians.

Methods

Three hundred healthy volunteers were enrolled in a cross sectional study; 201 females and 99 males. 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and spectroscopy techniques, respectively. All participants filled a study questionnaire that covered age, sex, height, weight, diet, and dress style for females. Females were divided according to their dress style: Western style, Hijab (all body parts are covered except the face and hands), and Niqab (all body parts are covered including face and hands).

Results

The average plasma 25(OH)D levels in males and females were 44.5 ± 10.0 nmol/l and 31.1 ± 12.0 nmol/l, respectively. However, when female 25(OH)D levels were categorized according to dress styles, the averages became 40.3, 31.3 and 28.5 nmol/l for the Western style, Hijab and Niqab groups, respectively. These 25(OH)D levels were significantly less than those of males (p < 0.05, 0.001, 0.001, respectively). In addition, the plasma 25(OH)D levels of the Western style group was significantly higher than those of Hijab and Niqab groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dairy consumption in males was a positive significant factor in vitamin D status. Even though calcium concentrations were within the reference range, the Hijab and Niqab-dressed females have significantly less plasma calcium levels than males (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Very low plasma 25(OH)D levels in females wearing Hijab or Niqab are highly attributed to low sunlight or UVB exposure. In addition, most of males (76%) and Western style dressed females (90%) have 25(OH)D concentrations below the international recommended values (50 nmol/l), suggesting that although sun exposure should be enough, other factors do play a role in these low concentrations. These findings emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation especially among conservatively dressed females, and determining if single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes involved in vitamin D metabolism do exist among Jordanians.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Mallah et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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