Trends of lip, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in Australia 1982–2008: overall good news but with rising rates in the oropharynx

BMC Cancer

Newell W Johnson²  Anura Ariyawardana¹ 

[1]School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Building D1, Cairns Campus, Smithfield, QLD 4870, Australia

[2]Population and Social Health Research Programme (Population Oral Health Group), Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Building G05, Room 3.22A, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia

关键词: Australia;    Trends;    Epidemiology;    Oropharyngeal cancer;    Oral cancer;    Lip cancer;   

Others  :  1079657
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2407-13-333

 received in 2012-08-21, accepted in 2013-06-24,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Considerable global variation in the incidence of lip, of oral cavity and of pharyngeal cancers exists. Whilst this reflects regional or population differences in risk, interpretation is uncertain due to heterogeneity of definitions of sites and of sub-sites within this anatomically diverse region. For Australia, limited data on sub-sites have been published. This study examines age-standardised incidence trends and demography from 1982 to 2008, the latest data available.

Methods

Numbers of cases within ICD10:C00-C14 were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, recorded by sex, age, and sub-site. Raw data were re-analysed to calculate crude, age-specific and age-standardised incidence using Segi’s world-standard population. Time-trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression.

Results

Lip, Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal (excluding nasopharynx) cancers, considered together, show a biphasic trend: in men rising 0.9% pa from 1982 to 1992, and declining 1.6% pa between 1992 and 2008. For females: rises of 2.0% pa 1982–1997; declines of 2.8% pa 1997–2008. Lip cancer is declining especially significantly. When the Oropharynx is considered separately, steadily increasing trends of 1.2% pa for men and 0.8% pa for women were observed from 1982 to 2008.

Conclusions

Although overall rates of lip/oral/oropharyngeal cancer are declining in Australia, these are still high. This study revealed steady increases in cancers of the oropharynx, beginning in the late 1990s. Continued efforts to reduce the burden of these cancers are needed, focused on reduction of the traditional risk factors of alcohol and tobacco, and with special emphasis on the possible role of human papillomavirus and sexual hygiene for cancers of the oropharynx.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Ariyawardana and Johnson; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]International Agency for Research on Cancer: World Cancer Report: IARC 2008. France: Lyon; 2008.
• [2]Ferlay J, Shin H, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM: Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
• [3]World Health Organization: Malignant neoplasms of lip,oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C14); ICD 10, 2010. Geneva: ; 2010. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/C00-C14 webcite (Accessed June 2012).
• [4]Warnakulasuriya S: Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology 2009, 45(4–5):309-16.
• [5]Swaminathan R, Rama R, Shanta V: Lack of active follow-up of cancer patients in Chennai, India: implications for population-based survival estimates. Bull World Health Organ 2008, 86(7):509-515.
• [6]Johnson NW, Amarasinghe AAHK: Epidemiology and Aetiology of Head and Neck Cancer. In Head and Neck Cancer: Multimodality Management. Edited by Bernier J. New York: Springer; 2011:1-40.
• [7]Johnson NW, Jayasekara P, Amarasinghe AAHK: Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions: Epidemiology and Aetiology. Periodontol 2000 2011, 57:19-37.
• [8]Gupta B, Ariyawardana SPAG, Johnson NW: Oral Cancer in India Continues in Epidemic Proportions: Evidence-base and Policy Initiatives. Int Dent J 2013, 63:12-25. Article first published online: 13 DEC 2012
• [9]Conway DI, Stockton DL, Warnakulasuriya KAAS, Ogden G, Macpherson LMD: Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in United Kingdom (1990–1999)—recent trends and regional variation. Oral Oncol 2006, 42(6):586-592.
• [10]Blomberg M, Nielsen A, Munk C, Kjaer SK: Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in Denmark, 1978–2007: Focus on human papillomavirus associated sites. Int J Cancer 2011, 129(3):733-741.
• [11]Braakhuis BJM, Visser O, Leemans CR: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in The Netherlands between 1989 and 2006: Increasing incidence, but not in young adults. Oral Oncol 2009, 45(9):e85-e89.
• [12]Yako-Suketomo H, Matsuda T: Comparison of Time Trends in Lip, Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer Mortality (1990–2006) Between Countries Based on the WHO Mortality Database. Japan J Clin Oncol 2010, 40(11):1118-1119.
• [13]Marur S, D'Souza G, Westra WH, Forastiere AA: HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. The Lancet Oncol 2010, 11:781-789.
• [14]Auluck A, Hislop G, Bajdik C, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin M: Trends in Oropharyngeal and Oral Cavity Cancer Incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related and HPV-Unrelated Sites in a Multicultural Population. Cancer 2010, 116:2635-2644.
• [15]Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, Jacobs EJ, Schymura MJ, Noone A, Pan L, Anderson RN, Fulton JE, Kohler BA, Jemal A, Ward E, Plescia M, Ries LAG, Edwards BK: Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer 2012, 118(9):2338-66.
• [16]Hocking JS, Stein A, Conway EL, Regan D, Grulich A, Law M, Brotherton JML: Head and neck cancer in Australia between 1982 and 2005 show increasing incidence of potentially HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Br J Cancer 2011, 104(5):886-891.
• [17]Tan KN: Cancer of the lip in Australia. Aust Dent J 1970, 15:179-184.
• [18]Macfarlane GJ, McCredie M, Coates M: Patterns of oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence in New South Wales, Australia. J Oral Pathol Med 1994, 23:241-205.
• [19]Lam L, Logan RM, Luke C: Epidemiological analysis of tongue cancer in South Australia for the 24-year period, 1977–2001. Aust Dent J 2006, 51(1):16-22.
• [20]Abreu L, Kruger E, Tennant M: Lip cancer in Western Australia, 1982–2006: a 25 year retrospective epidemiological study. Aust Dent J 2009, 54:130-135.
• [21]Abreu LP, Kruger E, Tennant M: Oral cancer in Western Australia, 1982–2006: a retrospective epidemiological study. J Oral Pathol Med 2010, 39:376-381.
• [22]Australian Bureau of Statisics. 2013. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3101.0Mar%202009?OpenDocument webcite. Accessed February 2013
• [23]Boniol M, Heanue M: Age-standardization and denominators. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France: Cancer incidence in five continents, Vol IX; 2007:99-102.
• [24]Kim H-J, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN: Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000, 19:335-351.
• [25]Surveillance Research 2013. [The Joinpoint regression program] http://surveillance.cancer.gov/joinpoint/webhelp/Joinpoint.htm#Version_3.5.2.htm webcite. [Accessed February 2013]
• [26]Reichart PA, Dietrich T, Khongkhunthian P, Sirsuwan S: Decline of oropharyngeal cancer in Chiangmai province, Thailand, between 1988 and 1999. Oral Oncol 2003, 39:569-573.
• [27]Garavello W, Bertuccio P, Levi F, Lucchini F, Bosetti C, Malvezzi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C: The oral cancer epidemic in central and eastern Europe. Int J Cancer 2010, 127:160-171.
• [28]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD Health Data 2011. Paris: OECD; 2011. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_LVNG# webcite. [Accessed 25th April 2012]
• [29]Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report. Canberra: Drug Statistics Series no.25.Cat.no. PHE 145; 2011.
• [30]Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Gupta PC, Dimba E, Chindia M, Otoh EC, Sankaranarayanan R, Califano J, Kowalski L: Global Inequalities in Incidence & Outcomes for Oral Cancer: Causes and Solutions. Adv Dent Res 2011, 23(2):237-246.
• [31]Ligier K, Belot A, Launoy G, Velten M, Bossard N, Iwaz J, Righini CA, Delafosse P, Guizard A: Descriptive epidemiology of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in France: Incidence over 1980–2005 and projection to 2010. Oral Oncol 2011, 47(4):302-307.
• [32]Brown LM, Check DP, Devesa SS: Oropharyngeal cancer incidence trends: diminishing racial disparities. Cancer Causes Control 2011, 22(5):753-763.
• [33]International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Riscs to Humans: Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation Volume 55. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1992.
• [34]de Visscher JGAM, van der Waal I: Etiology of cancer of the lip: A review. Int J Maxillofacl Surg 1998, 27:99-203.
• [35]Moore SP, O’Rourke PK, Mallitt K, Gargey V, Green AC, Coory MD, Valery PC: Cancer incidence and mortality in Indigenous Australians in Queensland. Med J Aus 2010, 193(10):590-593.
• [36]Czerninski R, Zini A, Sgan-Cohen HD: Lip cancer: incidence, trends, histology and survival: 1970–2006. Br J Dermatol 2010, 162(5):1103-1109.
• [37]Maruccia M, Onesti MG, Parisi P, Cigna E, Troccola A, Scuderi N: Lip cancer: A 10 year retrospective epidemiological study. Anticancer Res 2012, 32:1543-1547.
• [38]Pogoda JM, Preston-Martin S: Solar radiation, lip protectionand lip cancer risk in Los Angeles County women (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1996, 7:458-463.
• [39]Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Silverman SJ: Trends in oral cancer rates in the United States, 1973–1996. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000, 28:249-256.
• [40]Mehana H, Jones TM, Gregorie V, Ang KK: Oropharyngeal carcinoma related to human papillomavirus. Br Med J 2010, 340:c1439.
• [41]Junor EJ, Kerr GR, Brewster DH, Brewster DH: Oropharyngeal cancer. Fastest increasing cancer in Scotland, especially in men. Br Med J 2010, 340:c2512.
• [42]Sanders A, Slade G, Patton L: National Prevalence of Oral HPV Infection and Related Risk Factors in the U.S. Adult Population. Oral Dis 2012, 18(5):430-441.
• [43]Prabhu SR, Wilson DV, Johnson NW: Comment on: “National Prevalence of Oral HPV Infection and Related Risk Factors in the U.S. Adult Population”. Letter to the Editor. Oral Dis 2013, 19(1):107-108. Article first published online: 2 JUL 2012