Characterization and Identification of Natural Terpenic Resins employed in “Madonna con Bambino e Angeli” by Antonello da Messina using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Chemistry Central Journal

Mario Vincenzo Russo²  Pasquale Avino¹ 

[1] DIPIA, INAIL ex-ISPESL, via Urbana 167, Rome, I-00184, Italy

[2] Facoltà di Agraria (DISTAAM), Università del Molise, via de Sanctis, Campobasso, 86100, Italy

关键词: Antonello da Messina.;    Madonna with the Infant and Angels;    GC-MS;    Marker;    Natural resins;    Paintings;    Binding media;   

Others  :  788122
DOI  :  10.1186/1752-153X-6-59

 received in 2012-03-06, accepted in 2012-06-21,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Natural resins were frequently employed as adhesives or as components of oleo-resinous media in paintings in the past. The identification of vegetable resins is still an open problem. The aim of this paper is to analyze by GC-MS some vegetable resins frequently employed in paintings, such as Venice turpentine, dammar, copal, elemi in order to identify their main component in raw and aged samples. Some molecules are proposed as chemical “markers” to identify these natural resins.

Results

The results obtained on standards allowed us to successfully analyze sample collected from one work of art: the Madonna with the Infant and Angels by Antonello da Messina (XV century).

Conclusion

The results obtained confirm that the painting the artist originally used a mixture of linseed oil and natural resin (Venice turpentine) as binding medium.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Russo and Avino; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Casoli A, Palla G: Proteinaceous binding media characterization and age estimation of mediaeval wall paintings. Sci Tech Cult Herit 1994, 3:177-183.
• [2]Chiantore O, Riedo C, Scalarone D: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of products from on-line pyrolysis/silylation of plant gums used as binding media. Inter J Mass Spectrom 2009, 284:35-41.
• [3]Sciutto G, Dolci LS, Buragina A, Prati S, Guardigli M, Mazzeo R, Roda A: Development of a multiplexed chemiluminescent immunochemical imaging technique for the simultaneous localization of different proteins in painting micro cross-sections. Anal Bioanal Chem 2001, 399:2889-2897.
• [4]Sarmiento A, Pérez-Alonso M, Olivares M, Castro K, Martínez-Arkarazo I, Fernández LA, Madariaga JM: Classification and identification of organic binding media in artworks by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011, 399:3601-3611.
• [5]Grzywacz CM: Identification of proteinaceous binding media in paintings by amino acid analysis using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1994, 676:177-183.
• [6]Castro RM, Carbò MTD, Martìnez VP, Adelantado JVG, Reig FB: Study of binding media in works of art by gas chromatographic analysis of amino acids and fatty acids derivatized with ethyl chloroformate. J Chromatogr A 1997, 778:373-381.
• [7]Peris-Vicente J, Gimeno Adelantado JV, Carbó MTD, Castro RM, Reig FB: Characterization of proteinaceous glues in old paintings by separation of the o-phtalaldehyde derivatives of their amino acids by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Talanta 2006, 68:1648-165.
• [8]Rezić I, Krstić D, Bokić L: A note on the determination of the binder composition on an historic painted textile. Stud Conser 2006, 51:223-228.
• [9]Checa-Moreno R, Manzano E, Mirón G, Capitan-Vallvey LF: Comparison between traditional strategies and classification technique (SIMCA) in the identification of old proteinaceous binders. Talanta 2008, 75:697-704.
• [10]Fremout W, Sanyova J, Saverwyns S, Vandenabeele P, Moens L: Identification of protein binders in works of art by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector analysis of their tryptic digests. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009, 393:1991-1999.
• [11]Baggio L, Colalucci G, Bartoletti D: Il restauro degli affreschi. De Luca Editori d’Arte, Rome; 1999. (in Italian)
• [12]Mills JS, White R: Natural resins of art and archaeology. Their sources, chemistry and identification. Stud Conserv 1977, 22:12-31.
• [13]Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Mateo-Castro R, Doménech-Carbó MT, Bosch-Reig F, Doménech-Carbó A, De la Cruz-Cañizares J, Casas-Catalan MJ: Analytical study of proteinaceous binding media in works of art by gas chromatography using alkyl chloroformates as derivatising agents. Talanta 2002, 56:71-77.
• [14]De la Cruz-Cañizares J, Doménech-Carbó MT, GimenoAdelantado JV, Mateo-Castro R, Bosch-Reig F: Suppression of pigment interference in the gas chromatographic analysis of proteinaceous binding media in paintings with EDTA. J Chromatogr A 2004, 1025:277-285.
• [15]Mills JS, White R: The organic chemistry of museum objects. Buttersworth, London; 1994.
• [16]Peris-Vicente J, Simó-Alfonso E, Gimeno Adelantado JV, Doménech Carbó MT: Direct infusion mass spectrometry as a fingerprint of protein-binding media used in works of art. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005, 19:3463-3467.
• [17]Quezada-Gallo J-A, Debeaufort F, Voilley A: Mechanism of aroma transfer through edible and plastic packagings: Are they complementary to solve the problem of aroma transfer? ACS Symp Ser 2000, 753:125-140.
• [18]Thomson R: Conservation of leather and related materials. , Buttherworth, London; 2005. pp. 88–91. ISBN: 0750648813
• [19]Prati S, Sciutto G, Mazzeo R, Torri C, Fabbri D: Application of ATR-far-infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of natural resins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011, 399:3081-3091.
• [20]Van den Berg K, Boon JJ, Pastorova I, Spetter LFM: Mass spectrometric methodology for the analysis of highly oxidized diterpenoid acids in Old Master paintings. J Mass Spectrom 2000, 35:512-533.
• [21]Papageorgiou VP, Bakola-Christianopoulou MN, Apazidou KK, Psarros EE: Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis of the acidic triterpenic fraction of mastic gum. J Chromatogr A 1997, 769:263-273.
• [22]Chiavari G, Fabbri D, Prati S: Characterisation of natural resins by pyrolysis – Silylation. Chromatographia 2002, 55:611-616.
• [23]Mizzonia F, Cesaro SN: Study of the organic residue from a 2600-year old Etruscan plumpekanne. Spectrochim Acta A 2007, 68:377-381.
• [24]Johnstone RAW, Rose ME: Mass spectrometry for chemists and biochemists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1996.
• [25]van Zelst LV, von Endt DW, Baker MT: Non-destructive and micro-sample FT-IR spectrometric analysis of organic materials in art objects. Proc 2nd Inter Conf Non-Destruc Test, Microanal Meth Environ Eval Study Cons Works Art 1988, I:1-17.
• [26]Salvadó N, Butí S, Tobin MJ, Pantos E, Prag AJNW, Pradell T: Advantages of the use of SR-FT-IR microspectroscopy: Applications to cultural heritage. Anal Chem 2005, 77:3444-3451.
• [27]Echard J-P, Cotte M, Dooryhee E, Bertrand L: Insights into the varnishes of historical musical instruments using synchrotron micro-analytical methods. Appl Phys A 2008, 92:77-81.
• [28]Zeng QG, Zhang GX, Leung CW, Zuo J: Studies of wall painting fragments from Kaiping Diaolou by SEM/EDX, micro Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2010, 96:330-336.
• [29]Derrick M: Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis of natural resins used in furniture finishes. JAIC 1989, 28:43-56.
• [30]Ballofet N, Hille J: Preservation and conservation for libraries and archives. American Library Association, Chicago; 2005. ISBN 0-8389-0879-9
• [31]The E: Lingle Craig Preservation Laboratory Repair and Enclosure Treatment Manual. available at http://www.indiana.edu/~libpres/manual/ webcite (access on May 15th, 2012)
• [32]Mills JS, White R: Analyses of paint media. Nat Gal Tech Bull 1980, 4:65-67. ISSN: 0140–7430.
• [33]Mills JS, White R: Application of science in examination of works of art. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Boston; 1985. p. 29. ISBN: 0878462554
• [34]Nachtigal M, Simunkova E, Zelinger J: The influence of cobalt blue pigments on the drying of linseed oil. JSTOR 1985, 30:161-166.
• [35]Cartoni GP, Russo MV, Spinelli F, Talarico F: Characterization of fatty acids in drying oils used in paintings on canvas by GC and GC-MS analysis. Ann Chim (Rome) 2001, 91:719-726.
• [36]Rioux JP: Note sur l’analyse de quelques enduits provenant de peintures francais des XVII et XVIII siècles. Ann Musées France 1973, 3:35-43.
• [37]Delbourgo S, Rioux JP: Manière et matière des impressionistes. Contribution à l’étude de la matière picturale. Ann Musées France 1974, 4:34-42.
• [38]Mills JS, White R: Conservation and restoration of pictorial art. , Butterworths, London; 1976. p. 72. ISBN: 0408707127
• [39]Cartoni G, Russo MV, Spinelli F, Talarico F: GC-MS characterization and identification of natural terpenic resins employed in works of art. Ann Chim (Rome) 2004, 94:767-782.
• [40]Colombini MP, Modugno F, Menicagli E, Fuoco R, Giacomelli A: GC-MS characterization of proteinaceous and lipid binders in UV aged polychrome artifacts. Microchem J 2000, 67:291-300.
• [41]Marengo E, Liparota MC, Robotti E, Bobba M, Gennaro MC: Monitoring of pigmented surfaces in accelerated ageing process by ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate control charts. Talanta 2005, 66:1158-1167.
• [42]Manzano E, Navas N, Checa-Moreno R, Rodriguez-Simón L, Capitán-Vallvey LF: Preliminary study of UV ageing process of proteinaceous paint binder by FT-IR and principal component analysis. Talanta 2009, 77:1724-1731.
• [43]Boeva R, Radeva G, Hinkov P, Hinkov E: Thermal ageing of different kinds of fiber materials: a kinetic study. J Univ Chem Technol Met 2012, 47:37-42. available at http://www.uctm.edu/journal/j2012-1/3_Boeva_37-42.pdf
• [44]Cartoni G, Russo MV, Spinelli F, Talarico F: Characterization of fresh and aged terpenic resins by micro-FTIR and GC-MS analyses of varnishes in XVI-XVII centuries paintings. Ann Chim (Rome) 2003, 93:849-861.
• [45]Cartoni GP, Goretti G, Neri B, Russo MV: Evaluation of small diameter capillary columns for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 1989, 475:145-151.
• [46]Russo MV, Goretti G, Soriero A: Preparation and application of fused-silica capillary microcolumns (25–50 μm I. D.) in gas chromatography. Ann Chim (Rome) 1996, 86:115-124.
• [47]Chang T-L, Mead TE, Zinkel DF: Mass spectra of diterpene resin acid methyl esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1971, 48:455-461.
• [48]Shiojima K, Arai Y, Masuda K, Takase Y, Ageta T, Ageta H: Mass spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Chem Pharm Bull 1992, 407:1683-1690.
• [49]Van der Doelen GA: Molecular studies of fresh and aged triterpenoid varnishes. Ph.D. thesis. University of Amsterdam, ; 1999. ISBN: 90-801704-3-7
• [50]van der Doelen GA, van den Berg KJ, Boon JJ, Shibayama N, de la Rie ER, Genuit WJL: Analysis of fresh triterpenoid resins and aged triterpenoid varnishes by high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (tandem) mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998, 809:21-37.
• [51]Dietemann P, Higgitt C, Kälin M, Edelmann MJ, Knochenmuss R, Zenobi R: Aging and yellowing of triterpenoid resin varnishes - Influence of aging conditions and resin composition. J Cult Herit 2009, 10:30-40.
• [52]Yang M, Wang X, Guan S, Xia J, Sun J, Guo H, Guo D: Analysis of triterpenoids inGanoderma lucidumusing Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2007, 18:927-939.