BackgroundHPV infection is the major pathogenic factor underlying cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. The cervical HPV infection rates in gynaecological outpatients from Hangzhou, China, were studied in the period from January 2011 to December 2015.MethodsExfoliated cervical cells were harvested from gynaecological outpatients in Hangzhou from January 2011 to December 2015. Twenty-one HPV subtypes were detected using flow-through hybridization. The HPV infection rates in various disease groups were compared using the Chi-square test. The infection rates of different HPV subtypes in different calendar years and in different age groups were analysed using the linear-by-linear association test and gamma value.ResultsA total of 43,804 patients were recruited, of whom 9752 (22.3%) were infected with HPV. The top five among the 21 HPV subtypes detected in terms of infection rates were HPV-16, −52, −58, −53 and −18. No significant differences (linear-by-linear association test) were found in the HPV infection rates when compared over the studied years (P > 0.05). However, the 15–24-year-old age group showed the highest HPV infection rate, and significant differences (linear-by-linear association test) were detected among the different age groups (P < 0.05). The HPV infection rates exhibited an upward trend in the 15–24-year-old and >24–34-year-old groups over the past five years. There were significant differences in the HPV infection rates among the disease groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHPV-16, −52 and −58 were the major HPV infection subtypes in Hangzhou, China. The 15–24-year-old age group had a relatively high HPV infection rate with an upward trend over the past five years and thus represented a population susceptible to HPV infection.

BackgroundObesity is a growing epidemic around the world, and obese patients are generally regarded as high risk for surgery compared with normal weight patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of obesity on the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for gastric cancer.MethodsWe reviewed data for all patients undergoing LG for gastric cancer at our institute between October 2004 and December 2016. Patients were divided into non-obese and obese groups and the perioperative outcomes were compared. Furthermore, a subgroup analysis was conducted to evaluate which of the two commonly used methods of LG, laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) and totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG), is more suitable for obese patients.ResultsA total of 1691 patients, 1255 non-obese and 436 obese or overweight patients, underwent LG during the study period. The mean operation time was significantly longer in the obese group than in the non-obese group (209.9 ± 29.7 vs. 227.2 ± 25.7 min, P < 0.01), and intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the non-obese group (113.4 ± 34.1 vs. 136.9 ± 36.7 ml, P < 0.01). Time to first flatus, time to oral intake, and postoperative hospital stay were significantly shorter in the non-obese group than in the obese group (3.3 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.9 days; 4.3 ± 1.0 vs. 4.6 ± 1.0 days; and 9.0 ± 2.2 vs. 9.6 ± 2.2 days, respectively; P < 0.01). 119 (9.5%) of the non-obese patients had postoperative complications as compared to 44 (10.1%) of the obese patients (P = 0.71). In the subgroup analysis of all patients, TLG showed improved results for early surgical outcomes compared to LAG, mainly due to its advantages in obese patients.ConclusionsObesity is associated with long operation time, increased blood loss, and slow recovery after laparoscopic gastric resection but does not affect intraoperative security or effectiveness. TLG may have less negative results in obese patients than LAG due to a variety of reasons. Our analysis shows that TLG is more advantageous, with regard to early surgical outcomes, for obese patients.

BackgroundHPV infection is the major pathogenic factor underlying cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. The cervical HPV infection rates in gynaecological outpatients from Hangzhou, China, were studied in the period from January 2011 to December 2015.MethodsExfoliated cervical cells were harvested from gynaecological outpatients in Hangzhou from January 2011 to December 2015. Twenty-one HPV subtypes were detected using flow-through hybridization. The HPV infection rates in various disease groups were compared using the Chi-square test. The infection rates of different HPV subtypes in different calendar years and in different age groups were analysed using the linear-by-linear association test and gamma value.ResultsA total of 43,804 patients were recruited, of whom 9752 (22.3%) were infected with HPV. The top five among the 21 HPV subtypes detected in terms of infection rates were HPV-16, −52, −58, −53 and −18. No significant differences (linear-by-linear association test) were found in the HPV infection rates when compared over the studied years (P > 0.05). However, the 15–24-year-old age group showed the highest HPV infection rate, and significant differences (linear-by-linear association test) were detected among the different age groups (P < 0.05). The HPV infection rates exhibited an upward trend in the 15–24-year-old and >24–34-year-old groups over the past five years. There were significant differences in the HPV infection rates among the disease groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHPV-16, −52 and −58 were the major HPV infection subtypes in Hangzhou, China. The 15–24-year-old age group had a relatively high HPV infection rate with an upward trend over the past five years and thus represented a population susceptible to HPV infection.

BackgroundIn order to reduce the incidence of adjacent segment disease (ASD), the current study was designed to establish Chinese finite element models of normal 3rd~7th cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) with internalfixation, and analyze the influence of screw sagittal angle (SSA) on stress on endplate of adjacent cervical segments.MethodsMimics 8.1 and Abaqus/CAE 6.10 softwares were adopted to establish finite element models.ResultsFor C4 superior endplate and C6 inferior endplate, their anterior areas had the maximum stress in anteflexion position, and their posterior areas had the maximum stress in posterior extension position. As SSA increased, the stress reduced. With an increase of 10° in SSA, the stress on anterior areas of C4 superior endplate and C6 inferior endplate reduced by 12.67% and 7.99% in anteflexion position, respectively. With an increase of 10° in SSA, the stress on posterior areas of C4 superior endplate and C6 inferior endplate reduced by 9.68% and 10.22% in posterior extension position, respectively.ConclusionsThe current study established Chinese finite element models of normal C3-C7 and ACCF with internalfixation, and demonstrated that as SSA increased, the stress on endplate of adjacent cervical segments decreased. In clinical surgery, increased SSA is able to play important role in protecting the adjacent cervical segments and reducing the incidence of ASD.

BackgroundObesity is a growing epidemic around the world, and obese patients are generally regarded as high risk for surgery compared with normal weight patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of obesity on the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for gastric cancer.MethodsWe reviewed data for all patients undergoing LG for gastric cancer at our institute between October 2004 and December 2016. Patients were divided into non-obese and obese groups and the perioperative outcomes were compared. Furthermore, a subgroup analysis was conducted to evaluate which of the two commonly used methods of LG, laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) and totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG), is more suitable for obese patients.ResultsA total of 1691 patients, 1255 non-obese and 436 obese or overweight patients, underwent LG during the study period. The mean operation time was significantly longer in the obese group than in the non-obese group (209.9 ± 29.7 vs. 227.2 ± 25.7 min, P < 0.01), and intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the non-obese group (113.4 ± 34.1 vs. 136.9 ± 36.7 ml, P < 0.01). Time to first flatus, time to oral intake, and postoperative hospital stay were significantly shorter in the non-obese group than in the obese group (3.3 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.9 days; 4.3 ± 1.0 vs. 4.6 ± 1.0 days; and 9.0 ± 2.2 vs. 9.6 ± 2.2 days, respectively; P < 0.01). 119 (9.5%) of the non-obese patients had postoperative complications as compared to 44 (10.1%) of the obese patients (P = 0.71). In the subgroup analysis of all patients, TLG showed improved results for early surgical outcomes compared to LAG, mainly due to its advantages in obese patients.ConclusionsObesity is associated with long operation time, increased blood loss, and slow recovery after laparoscopic gastric resection but does not affect intraoperative security or effectiveness. TLG may have less negative results in obese patients than LAG due to a variety of reasons. Our analysis shows that TLG is more advantageous, with regard to early surgical outcomes, for obese patients.

BackgroundLow temperature is an important abiotic stress in plant growth and development, especially for thermophilic plants. Eggplants are thermophilic vegetables, although the molecular mechanism of their response to cold stress remains to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play an essential role during plant development and stress responses. Although the role of many plant miRNAs in facilitating chilling tolerance has been verified, little is known about the mechanisms of eggplant chilling tolerance.ResultsHere, we used high-throughput sequencing to extract the miRNA and target genes expression profiles of Solanum aculeatissimum (S. aculeatissimum) under low temperature stress at different time periods(0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h). Differentially regulated miRNAs and their target genes were analyzed by comparing the small RNA (sRNA) and miRBase 20.0 databases using BLAST or BOWTIE, respectively. Fifty-six down-regulated miRNAs and 28 up-regulated miRNAs corresponding to 220 up-regulated mRNAs and 94 down-regulated mRNAs, respectively, were identified in S. aculeatissimum. Nine significant differentially expressed miRNAs and twelve mRNAs were identified by quantitative Real-time PCR and association analysis, and analyzed for their GO function enrichment and KEGG pathway association.ConclusionsIn summary, numerous conserved and novel miRNAs involved in the chilling response were identified using high-throughput sequencing, which provides a theoretical basis for the further study of low temperature stress-related miRNAs and the regulation of cold-tolerance mechanisms of eggplant at the miRNA level.