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1 Evolution of plasma parameters in the termination phase of high confinement H-modes at JET and implications for ITER [期刊论文]

Nuclear Fushion,2014年

A. Loarte, F. Koechl, M.J. Leyland, A. Polevoi, M. Beurskens, V. Parail, I. Nunes, G.R. Saibene, R.I.A. Sartori, JET EFDA Contributors

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The evolution of the parameters of the plasma in the termination phase of high confinement H-modes at JET with carbon fibre composite plasma facing components (JET-C) has been analysed with a view to predict the dynamics of the plasma energy decrease for sudden terminations of the ITERQ DT = 10 scenario caused by malfunction of additional heating systems. JET-C experiments show that the rate of decay of the plasma energy in the high performance H-mode termination phase is predominantly determined by the duration of the type III ELMy H-mode phase after the end of the type I ELMy H-mode regime. Longer type III ELMy H-mode phase durations lead to slower plasma energy decay rates. The duration of the type III ELMy H-mode phase is itself determined by the margin of the edge power flow (dominated by the rate of collapse of the plasma energy) over the H-mode threshold power in the termination phase, with larger margins leading to longer type III ELMy H-mode phase durations. For most of the JET-C discharges analysed the timescale for the plasma energy decrease in the termination of high energy confinement H-modes is comparable to the energy confinement time of the plasma in the high confinement phase rather than half of this value, which is to be expected for instantaneous H–L transitions. Modelling of the termination phase of ITERQ DT = 10 H-modes (with transport assumptions in this phase validated against JET-C experiments) shows that similar to JET-C results the timescale for the decrease of the plasma energy is comparable and can even be longer than the energy confinement time of the burning phase, provided that ELM control can be maintained. This is due to the long sustainment of the type III ELMy H-mode by the substantial edge power flow compared to the H-mode threshold power during this phase. The large edge power flow in the termination phase of ITER highQ DT plasmas is provided by the decrease of the plasma energy and the slow collapse of the alpha heating. Operational strategies in ITER to control the energy decay rate as well as the consequences of the lack of ELM control in the highQ DT termination phase are presented.

    2 JINTRAC integrated simulations of ITER scenarios including fuelling and divertor power flux control for H, He and DT plasmas [期刊论文]

    Nuclear Fushion,2022年

    E. Militello Asp, G. Corrigan, P. da Silva Aresta Belo, L. Garzotti, D.M. Harting, F. Köchl, V. Parail, M. Cavinato, A. Loarte, M. Romanelli, R. Sartori

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    We have modelled self-consistently how to most efficiently fuel ITER hydrogen (H), helium (He) and deuterium–tritium (DT) plasmas with gas and/or pellets with the integrated core and 2D SOL/divertor suite of codes JINTRAC. This paper presents the first overview of full integrated simulations from core to divertor of ITER scenarios following their evolution fromX -point formation, through L-mode, L–H transition, steady-state H-mode, H–L transition and current ramp-down. Our simulations respect all ITER operational limits, maintaining the target power loads below 10 MW m−2 by timely gas fuelling or Ne seeding. For the pre-fusion plasma operation (PFPO) phase our aim was to develop robust scenarios and our simulations show that commissioning and operation of the ITER neutral beam (NB) to full power should be possible in 15 MA/5.3 T L-mode H plasmas with pellet fuelling and 20 MW of ECRH. For He plasmas gas fuelling alone allows access to H-mode at 7.5 MA/2.65 T with 53–73 MW of additional heating, since after application of NB and during the L–H transition, the modelled density build-up quickly reduces the NB shine-through losses to acceptable levels. This should allow the characterisation of ITER H-mode plasmas and the demonstration of ELM control schemes in PFPO-2. In ITER DT plasmas we varied the fuelling and heating schemes to achieve a target fusion gain ofQ= 10 and to exit the plasma from such conditions with acceptable divertor loads. The use of pellets in DT can provide a faster increase of the density in L-modes, but it is not essential for unrestricted NB operation due to the lower shine-through losses compared to H. During the H–L transition and current ramp-down, gas fuelling and Ne seeding are required to keep the divertor power loads under the engineering limits but accurate control over radiation is crucial to prevent the plasma becoming thermally unstable.

      3 Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation [期刊论文]

      Nuclear Fushion,2022年

      D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Lyssoivan, M. Machielsen, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, C.F. Maggi, R. Maggiora, M. Magness, S. Mahesan, H. Maier, R. Maingi, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, G. Marceca, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, D. Marocco, L. Marot, S. Marsden, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A. Martin, A.J. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, G. Ramogida, D. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, M. Rebai, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, M.L. Richiusa, S. Richyal, D. Rigamonti, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, M.Rodriguez Ramos, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, J.Ruiz Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, E. Safi, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, B. Santos, A. Santucci, K. Särkimäki, R. Sarwar, I. Sarychev, O. Sauter, P. Sauwan, N. Scapin, F. Schluck, K. Schmid, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, D. Schwörer, G. Scott, M. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, M. Segato, Jaemin Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, P. Shigin, K. Shinohara, S. Shiraiwa, D. Shiraki, M. Short, G. Sias, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, S.K. Sipilä, A.C.C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, N. Smith, P. Smith, J. Snell, G. Snoep, L. Snoj, P. Snyder, S. Soare, E.R. Solano, H.J. Sun, T.E. Susts, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, D. Sytnykov, T. Szabolics, G. Szepesi, B. Tabia, T. Tadić, B. Tál, T. Tala, A. Tallargio, P. Tamain, H. Tan, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, A. Teplukhina, D. Terentyev, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thorman, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I.E. Day, M. De Bock, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, K. Deakin, J. Deane, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, E. Delabie, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Dempsey, R.O. Dendy, P. Devynck, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, T. Dickson, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, J. Dobrashian, R.P. Doerner, A.J.H. Donné, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, A. Dvornova, R. Eastham, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Eichorn, N. Eidietis, A. Eksaeva, H. El Haroun, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, O. Embreus, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, S. Esquembri, A.L. Esquisabel, T. Estrada, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, A. Farahani, I. Farquhar, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, F. Felici, R. Felton, A. Fernandes, H. Fernandes, J. Ferrand, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, D. Fiorucci, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, K. Flinders, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, S. Forbes, A. Formisano, T. Fornal, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, R. Fridström, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, V. Fusco, S. Futatani, D. Gadariya, K. Gál, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, M. Gardener, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, F. Ghezzi, J.C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, G. Giacometti, C. Gibson, K.J. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, R. Glen, S. Glöggler, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, R. Goulding, E. Gow, B. Graham, J.P. Graves, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, J. Griffiths, S. Griph, D. Grist, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, R. Grove, M. Gruca, D. Guard, N. Gupta, C. Gurl, A. Gusarov, L. Hackett, S. Hacquin, R. Hager, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. Hall, S.A. Hall, S. Hallworth-Cook, C.J. Ham, D. Hamaguchi, M. Hamed, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, E. Harford, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, Y. Hatano, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, T. Hayashi, S. Hazael, S. Hazel, P. Heesterman, B. Heidbrink, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J. Hill, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, B. Homan, M. Hook, D. Hopley, J. Horáček, D. Horsley, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, R. Howell, Z. Hu, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, M. Iliasova, D. Imrie, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jablonski, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, F. Jaulmes, J.Jenaro Rodriguez, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, N. Jones, T. Jones, A. Joyce, R. Juarez, M. Juvonen, P. Kalniņa, T. Kaltiaisenaho, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, Yu Kashchuk, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, R. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kennedy, J. Kent, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, J. Kilpeläinen, C. Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, R. King, D. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. kiviniemi, G. Kizane, M. Klas, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, M. Knolker, S. Knott, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, I. Kodeli, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, V. Korovin, B. Kos, D. Kos, H.R. Koslowski, M. Kotschenreuther, M. Koubiti, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, N. Krishnan, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, A.B. Kukushkin, H. Kumpulainen, T. Kurki-Suonio, H. Kurotaki, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, E. Lagzdina, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, C. Lane, E.Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, Chanyoung Lee, S.E. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, B. Lepiavko, J. Leppänen, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, J. Lewis, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J.M. López, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, U. Losada, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, Z. Louka, J. Lovell, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, S. Lubbad, T. Luce, R. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, E.de la Luna, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, M. Maslov, S. Masuzaki, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, K.G. McClements, J. McClenaghan, P. McCullen, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, D. McHugh, G. McIntyre, R. McKean, J. McKehon, B. McMillan, L. McNamee, A. McShee, A. Meakins, S. Medley, C.J. Meekes, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Merriman, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, R. Michling, P. Middleton, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Mietelski, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, F. Militello, A.Militello Asp, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, G. Miloshevsky, C. Minghao, S. Minucci, I. Miron, M. Miyamoto, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, T. Moody, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, J. Morales, R.B. Morales, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, K.-M. Morrison, L. Msero, D. Moulton, T. Mrowetz, T. Mundy, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, N. Muthusonai, B. N’Konga, Yong-Su Na, F. Nabais, M. Naden, J. Naish, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, I. Nedzelskiy, G. Nemtsev, V. Nesenevich, I. Nestoras, R. Neu, V.S. Neverov, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, A.H. Nielsen, D. Nina, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Normanton, J.M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, E. Nunn, H. Nyström, M. Oberparleiter, B. Obryk, J. O'Callaghan, T. Odupitan, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, E. Organ, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, T. Osborne, R. Otin, T. Otsuka, A. Owen, Y. Oya, M. Oyaizu, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, S. Paige, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, S.J.P. Pamela, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, P. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, F.Parra Diaz, A. Parsloe, M. Parsons, N. Parsons, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C.Paz Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, R. Pereira, T. Pereira, E.Perelli Cippo, P. Pereslavtsev, C. Perez von Thun, V. Pericoli, D. Perry, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, W. Pires de Sá, A. Pires dos Reis, C. Piron, L. Pionr, A. Pironti, R. Pitts, K.L. van de Plassche, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, S. Popovichev, M. Poradziński, M.T. Porfiri, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Poulipoulis, I. Predebon, G. Prestopino, C. Price, D. Price, M. Price, D. Primetzhofer, P. Prior, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, I. Pusztai, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, E. Rachlew, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, M. Rainford, P. Raj, G. Ralph, V. Solokha, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, E. Sorokovoy, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, D. Spong, D. Sprada, S. Sridhar, C. Srinivasan, G. Stables, G. Staebler, I. Stamatelatos, Z. Stancar, P. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, E. Stefanikova, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, M. Stojanov, P. Strand, H.R. Strauss, S. Strikwerda, P. Ström, C.I. Stuart, W. Studholme, M. Subramani, E. Suchkov, S. Sumida, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, Y. Torikai, U. von Toussaint, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, M. Tyshchenko, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, G. Urbanczyk, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, P.Vallejos Olivares, O. Vallhagen, M. Valovič, D. Van Eester, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, S. Ventre, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G.Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A.J. Virtanen, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, G. Vlad, M. Vlad, P. Vondráček, P.de Vries, B. Wakeling, N.R. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, H.Wedderburn Maxwell, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, P. Welch, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Wheeler, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J.C. Williams, D. Willoughby, I. Wilson, J. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, P. Wise, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, C. Woodley, R. Woodley, B. Woods, J. Wright, J.C. Wright, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, M. Yajima, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, W. Yanling, V. Yanovskiy, I. Young, R. Young, R.J. Zabolockis, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F.S. Zaitsev, L. Zakharov, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor

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      The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle ( α ) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.

        4 Non-axisymmetric MHD simulations of the current quench phase of ITER mitigated disruptions [期刊论文]

        Nuclear Fushion,2022年

        F.J. Artola, A. Loarte, M. Hoelzl, M. Lehnen, N. Schwarz

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        Non-axisymmetric simulations of the current quench phase of ITER disruptions are key to predict asymmetric forces acting into the ITER wall. We present for the first time such simulations for ITER mitigated disruptions at realistic Lundquist numbers. For these strongly mitigated disruptions, we find that the safety factor remains above 2 and the maximal integral horizontal forces remain below 1 MN. The maximal integral vertical force is found to be 13 MN and arises in a time scale given by the resistive wall time as expected from theoretical considerations. In this respect, the vertical force arises after the plasma current has completely decayed, showing the importance of continuing the simulations also in the absence of plasma current. We conclude that the horizontal wall force rotation is not a concern for these strongly mitigated disruptions in ITER, since when the wall forces form, there are no remaining sources of rotation.

          5 PFPO plasma scenarios for exploration of long pulse operation in ITER [期刊论文]

          Nuclear Fushion,2023年

          A.R. Polevoi, A. Loarte, N.N. Gorelenkov, Y. Gribov, S.Yu. Medvedev, R. Bilato, M. Dubrov, M. Hosokawa, A. Kavin, Ye.O. Kazakov, R. Khayrutdinov, S.H. Kim, A.Yu. Kuyanov, V. Lukash, M. Schneider

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          Long Pulse Scenarios (LPS) in ITER foreseen during the Pre-Fusion Power Operation (PFPO) phase of the ITER Research Plan (IRP) are assessed using 1.5D transport simulations within the ASTRA framework. Such assessment is required to predict the operational space for LPS operation in PFPO, as well as to evaluate which physics processes for LPS operation during Fusion Power Operation (FPO) could be studied during PFPO. An important aspect in the development of LPSs in PFPO is to minimize lifetime consumption of the Central Solenoid (CS) for these scenarios. The maximum pulse length achievable for LPSs in PFPO with no consumption of CS lifetime (currents in CS coils ⩽30 kA per turn) has been assessed for a range of heating schemes and heating mixes, confinement regimes (L-mode and H-mode) and for helium and hydrogen plasmas. The operational space of LPS and pulse length has been explored through density scans with the Heating and Current Drive mix required for the FPOQ⩾ 5 steady-state plasma scenario (namely Neutral Beam Injection and Electron Cyclotron Heating) including acceptable shine through losses on the first wall for both helium and hydrogen plasmas. Fast particle physics aspects that are common between FPO plasmas and LPS PFPO H-mode plasmas at low densities are studied including MHD stability analysis with the KINX code and non-perturbative critical gradient model based on high-n Toroidal Alfven Eigenmodes (TAE) stability kinetic ballooning code HINST calculations.

            6 Assessment of plasma parameters for the low activation phase of ITER operation [期刊论文]

            Nuclear Fushion,2013年

            A.R. Polevoi, D.J. Campbell, V.A. Chuyanov, W. Houlberg, A.A. Ivanov, A.S. Kukushkin, P. Lamalle, A. Loarte, V.S. Mukhovatov, T. Oikawa

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            An assessment of ITER plasma parameters is carried out for the low activation phase that is required for commissioning the basic ITER systems including plasma control, heating and current drive. Such an operation is analysed for hydrogen, helium and deuterium plasmas for full field and current, as well as with magnetic field and plasma current reduced to half of their design values,B 0 = 2.65 T,I p = 7.5 MA. Both hydrogen and deuterium neutral beam injection (NBI) are considered. We assess the possible domain for safe operation, and the possible target plasmas for commissioning the NBI, electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and ion cyclotron heating (ICH) systems, taking into account the constraints imposed by NB shine-through loss, Greenwald limit and access to H-mode operation. Simulations with the Automated System for Transport Analysis (ASTRA) show that for 33 MW of NBI with 20 MW of ECH, H-mode access is marginal for hydrogen plasmas. Good H-mode confinement, expected atP NB +  P EC +  P IC > 1.5P L–H, is more likely for the helium and deuterium cases. It is found that plasma parameters, such as normalized beta, plasma density and current flat-top duration, for full power/half field/half current operation can be similar to those required for the DT long pulse operation. Preliminary assessment is also made of the maximum of tritium and neutron yield achievable in a single shot at the deuterium phase of ITER operation.