Increasing numbers of studies have revealed theimmunomodulating effects of radiotherapy whencombined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, as radioimmunotherapy has proven to be a promising treatment [1].Radioimmunotherapy has shown significantly improvedtumor responses than radiotherapy or immunotherapyalone in various malignant tumors [2–4]. It has also beenapplied to cervical cancer in multiple ongoing clinicaltrials (NCT03612791 [5] and NCT02635360 [6]). However,tumor recurrence and metastasis are often unavoidable. Assuch, investigations into radioimmunotherapy-inducedtumor ecosystem evolution are essential for guidingimprovements in treatment strategies that achieve better long-term disease control. To date, several studieshave investigated radiochemotherapy-induced tumorecosystem evolution using bulk RNA-sequencing andimmune staining [7, 8]. However, these findings werelimited owing to the cellular heterogeneity in cancers.Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables thecharacterization of cell compositions and transcriptomicstates in the tumor at single-cell resolution.