BackgroundChina-made Peramivir, an anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor drug, is manufactured and widely used in China. Although effective if initiated within 48 h of the onset of symptoms, yet we observed that this drug shows an inconclusive efficacy if treatment is delayed in clinical. Thus we evaluated the efficacy of delayed treatment of China-made Peramivir in a mouse model.MethodsThe mouse model of influenza infection was made and Peramivir was administered intravenously for 5 days following infection, and weight loss, lung index, viral shedding and survival rates were monitored.ResultsPeramivir (60 mg/kg · d, repeated intravenous injections, quaque die (QD) × 5 days) enhanced survival rate and suppressed weight loss when treatment was initiated 24, 36, 48, or even 60 h post-infection (p.i.) (p < 0.01), compared with the virus-untreated group, and efficacy was abolished at 72 h p.i.. However the efficacy of delayed treatment was dose dependent, with the highest dose (90 mg/kg · d) even showing efficacy at 72 h p.i.. Furthermore, Peramivir (60 mg/kg · d, repeated intravenous injections, QD × 5 days) also reduced the lung virus titer 24 and 36 h p.i. on day 5, and even at 48 and 60 h p.i. on day 7 after infection, and the lung index was also improved. What is interesting that the concentration of the drug was maintained in blood after infected.ConclusionsDelayed treatment with China-made Peramivir can reduce the severity of influenza disease, accelerate viral clearance and enhance the survival rate. This drug therefore shows good efficacy and is a promising candidate to control the influenza epidemic in China.

BackgroundNeisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) resistance to antimicrobial has been a major concern in China, and epidemiological data on N. gonorrhoeae resistance are not well understood. This meta-analysis was aimed at summarizing the evidence on N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin in China.MethodsTwo researchers independently searched five databases to identify studies on N. gonorrhoeae resistance to antimicrobials from the databases’ inception to November 7, 2014. A random-effects model was used to estimate the antimicrobial resistance rates and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Publication bias was assessed with the Begg rank correlation test and the Egger test.ResultsWe included 127 studies in our synthesis reporting antimicrobial resistance. Our analyses demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin and tetracycline respectively increased from 74.41 % (95 % CI: 64.1–84.7 %) and 68.3 % (95 % CI: 58.7–78.0 %) in 2000 to 84.2 % (95 % CI: 79.7–88.8 %) and 82.4 % (95 % CI: 79.9–84.7 %) in 2012. N. gonorrhoeae resistance to ciprofloxacin experienced a steady increase from 12.7 % (95 % CI, 8.6–16.7 %) in 1995 and reached 93.8 % (95 % CI: 91.9–95.7 %) in 2003. N. gonorrhoeae resistance to ceftriaxone was 1.7 % (95 % CI: 0.5–5.7 %) before 1995 and 0.5 % (95 % CI: 0.2–1.4 %) in 2012, and N. gonorrhoeae resistance to spectinomycin was less than 2 % from 1995 to 2012.ConclusionsN. gonorrhoeae resistance rates to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were high in China. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin remained effective therapy for the treatment of gonorrhea. It is essential to strengthen N. gonorrhoeae resistance surveillance and update treatment guidelines timely.

BackgroundChina-made Peramivir, an anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor drug, is manufactured and widely used in China. Although effective if initiated within 48 h of the onset of symptoms, yet we observed that this drug shows an inconclusive efficacy if treatment is delayed in clinical. Thus we evaluated the efficacy of delayed treatment of China-made Peramivir in a mouse model.MethodsThe mouse model of influenza infection was made and Peramivir was administered intravenously for 5 days following infection, and weight loss, lung index, viral shedding and survival rates were monitored.ResultsPeramivir (60 mg/kg · d, repeated intravenous injections, quaque die (QD) × 5 days) enhanced survival rate and suppressed weight loss when treatment was initiated 24, 36, 48, or even 60 h post-infection (p.i.) (p < 0.01), compared with the virus-untreated group, and efficacy was abolished at 72 h p.i.. However the efficacy of delayed treatment was dose dependent, with the highest dose (90 mg/kg · d) even showing efficacy at 72 h p.i.. Furthermore, Peramivir (60 mg/kg · d, repeated intravenous injections, QD × 5 days) also reduced the lung virus titer 24 and 36 h p.i. on day 5, and even at 48 and 60 h p.i. on day 7 after infection, and the lung index was also improved. What is interesting that the concentration of the drug was maintained in blood after infected.ConclusionsDelayed treatment with China-made Peramivir can reduce the severity of influenza disease, accelerate viral clearance and enhance the survival rate. This drug therefore shows good efficacy and is a promising candidate to control the influenza epidemic in China.

BackgroundNeisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) resistance to antimicrobial has been a major concern in China, and epidemiological data on N. gonorrhoeae resistance are not well understood. This meta-analysis was aimed at summarizing the evidence on N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin in China.MethodsTwo researchers independently searched five databases to identify studies on N. gonorrhoeae resistance to antimicrobials from the databases’ inception to November 7, 2014. A random-effects model was used to estimate the antimicrobial resistance rates and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Publication bias was assessed with the Begg rank correlation test and the Egger test.ResultsWe included 127 studies in our synthesis reporting antimicrobial resistance. Our analyses demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin and tetracycline respectively increased from 74.41 % (95 % CI: 64.1–84.7 %) and 68.3 % (95 % CI: 58.7–78.0 %) in 2000 to 84.2 % (95 % CI: 79.7–88.8 %) and 82.4 % (95 % CI: 79.9–84.7 %) in 2012. N. gonorrhoeae resistance to ciprofloxacin experienced a steady increase from 12.7 % (95 % CI, 8.6–16.7 %) in 1995 and reached 93.8 % (95 % CI: 91.9–95.7 %) in 2003. N. gonorrhoeae resistance to ceftriaxone was 1.7 % (95 % CI: 0.5–5.7 %) before 1995 and 0.5 % (95 % CI: 0.2–1.4 %) in 2012, and N. gonorrhoeae resistance to spectinomycin was less than 2 % from 1995 to 2012.ConclusionsN. gonorrhoeae resistance rates to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were high in China. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin remained effective therapy for the treatment of gonorrhea. It is essential to strengthen N. gonorrhoeae resistance surveillance and update treatment guidelines timely.