| This study |
High‐pressure fluid‐driven multi‐chamber elastomer/ Magnetron MRF |
MRF |
Magnetically driven variable stiffness module |
350 kPa |
171.2 °/ — |
5.05 N/ 208 g |
| [15] |
High‐pressure fluid‐driven multi‐chamber elastomer |
Water |
— |
3 MPa |
‐/113.5 mm |
— /2 kg |
| [17] |
High‐pressure fluid‐driven multi‐chamber elastomer |
Air and water |
— |
448 kPa |
360 ° / — |
0.6 N / — |
| [49]. |
High‐pressure fluid‐driven elastomer/ Magnetron MRF curing adaptive morphology |
Air and MRF |
Magnetically driven variable stiffness module |
160 kPa |
— / —0 |
5.3 N/‐ |
| [50] |
Magnetron MRF curing adaptive morphology |
MRF |
MR fluid gripper |
— |
—/ — |
50 N/‐ |
| [62] |
Combination of tendon‐driven and high‐pressure fluid‐driven elastomers |
Air |
Pumpless hybrid drive system combining pre‐pressurized air and rope drive |
60 kPa |
100 °/ — |
384 g/‐ |
| [63] |
Vacuum‐driven |
Air |
Retractable suction cup |
−50 kPa |
— / 72 mm |
26.3 N / 10 kg |
| [14] |
Photothermal‐driven shape‐memory materials |
— |
Light‐controlled local deformation |
— |
70 °/ — |
‐/5 times its self‐weight |
| [64] |
High‐pressure fluid‐driven multi‐chamber elastomer/ Temperature‐controlled alloy |
Air |
Thermochromic Variable Stiffness Module |
20 kPa |
— / — |
2.7N/780 g |