Table of contents

Preface

ATDMAE 2018 was held in Dalian, China during Jul.1-3, 2018. ATDMAE 2018 was co-organized by Dalian University of Technology, Nazarbayev University and Hong Kong Society of Mechanical Engineers (HKSME). The conference provides a useful and wide platform both for display the latest research and for exchange of research results and thoughts in Advanced Technologies in Design, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering. The participants of the conference were from almost every part of the world, with background of either academia or industry, even well-known enterprise. The success and prosperity of the conference is reflected high level of the papers received.

The proceedings are a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an interesting outcome of the conference. This book covers 3 chapters: Mechanical Engineering; Aeronautical Engineering; Design Engineering.

We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported ATDMAE 2018. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the organizing committee for their valuable advices in the organization and helpful peer review of the papers.

We sincerely hope that ATDMAE 2018 will be a forum for excellent discussions that will put forward new ideas and promote collaborative researches. We are sure that the proceedings will serve as an important research source of references and the knowledge, which will lead to not only scientific and engineering progress but also other new products and processes.

Prof. Yong Zhao, Nazerbayev University, Kazakhstan

List of Conference Chairman, Conference Chair, Conference Program Co-Chairs, International Technical Commmitte are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

A new method is adopted to measure the micro-thrust of the plasma thruster. In this method, the dynamic photoelastic theory is used to record the stress loaded on the special structure. This technique is called dynamic photoelasticity method. The photoelastic element is the core of the whole system as it can transform the thrust changes into the variation of fringe images. The variation of thrust can be recorded by a CCD camera and then the thrust changes in real-time could be obtained, which is helpful for developing a higher precision propulsion system. This method built in this paper is not only non-contact and non-destructive but also easy to operate with simple structure and high precision.

In this paper, work performance of Tocardo-type turbine is numerically investigated by using BEM method. Tocardo-type turbine is significantly different from lift-type turbine in which it owns long chord and thick blade and it is of bidirectional characteristics. Working performance of Tocardo-type turbine is obtained by using BEM method and the results release that it is not of lift-type turbine because the parameter of Cl/Cd is not chosen as maximum value. Compared with the performance of lift-type turbine, working coefficient of Tocardo-type turbine is little lower at optimum working condition. The results also show that the optimized tip speed ratio of Tocardo-type turbine is about 4.5 and working power reaches about 183kW as coming velocity is 4m/s.

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling was carried out to investigate temperature uniformity at a wind tunnel outlet region to benefit its design and construction. Low temperate (110K) nitrogen entered the wind tunnel at inlet, passed through two turning area with 18 turning vanes and went into expansion session, stable session and congestion session, finally towards outlet discharge nozzle session. The model considered static nitrogen isolation layer in physical model and three more isolation layer outside the tunnel as well as possible heat transfer from ambient environment. Two case scenario for supersonic and subsonic at outlet (Mach Number 0.9 and 1.3) were conducted with a uniform temperature imposed at inlet, as well a 3rd case scenario (Mach Number 0.9) with a non-uniform temperature distribution at inlet. Existence of porous zone (to model honeycomb session) and porous interfaces (to model damping interfaces) at the stable session were also included. Contours of temperature and velocity on representative cross sections were presented, and effects of Mach number, total pressure and initial temperature distribution at inlet on temperature uniformity at outlet were discussed. Based on the numerical results, improvement of tunnel geometry for better flow uniformity at outlet regions were also suggested.

In this paper, numerical investigation on flow field of flow making system is carried out in the 1:10 scaled model of the multi-purpose basin for the deep sea engineering research center of Dalian University of Technology. According to the requirement of obtaining specified flow velocity in the working area, two kinds of numerical methods simulating pump are used. The calculation results show that the pump simulating method with controlling boundary conditions at inlet and outlet is not valid in the presence of free water surface. The problem is solved by the second pump simulating method in which the pump rotation is simulated in the multiple frame of reference (MRF) system. It is believed that the establishment of current model will provide an effective calculation tool for the simulation of flow characteristics of the deep water flow system.

In this paper, a hexahedra-based topology-alterative algorithm is proposed to simulate dynamic boundary issues of the gate opening motions in water conservancy projects. The algorithm, which cooperates with the two-phase, incompressible solver of OpenFOAM platform, enables researchers to investigate transient hydraulic characteristic variations comprehensively. Two benchmark experiments were performed to validate the numerical results under the working conditions of moving sluice gates and unsteady weir head. The time history response of water level and pressure on specified monitoring points, flow pattern scenario near moving gate, furthermore, the development of antisymmetric-revolving vertical vortices around gate piers were recorded to assess the accuracy of the proposed model. The cross-contrasting results show that the relative error of weir flow time is less than 5.00 %. Moreover, good agreement has been obtained about time history curves of free surface elevation and pressure between numerical and experiment solutions. The vivid flow pattern shows the simulating capability of the current model and indicates an inspiring way to numerically investigate generation mechanism of vertical vortex inside gate grooves. The proposed algorithm is believed to be a useful utility on the further investigation on flow variation in real hydraulic engineering applications, such as improvement of semi-empirical discharge formulas, reduction of cavitation damage, elimination of pipe hammer pressure even spectral analysis of sluice gates with a fluid structure interaction interface.

High-pressure hot gas servo valve based on PWM principle is widely used in the solid attitude control system of kinetic kill vehicle and other aircrafts. In this paper, a kind of hot gas servo valve is proposed and its mathematic model is established. Also, the pressure in the chamber is tested and compared with simulation results to prove the model valid. In order to test the dynamic performance, an indirectly method of testing the piston's position is put forward and the delay time of the electromagnet and valve is tested. The results reveal that the hot gas servo valve designed in this paper has good dynamic performance and can satisfy the requirements of solid attitude control system.

Failures show that the austenitic stainless steel (SS) pipes with produced high weld residual stresses are more susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in the simulated high temperature water environments of pressurized water reactor. To understand the effect of cold working on the residual stress and strain of stress corrosion cracking in 304SS, the stress-strain field near the crack front of 304SS under different degree of cold working was simulated by ABAQUS. Results show that the higher tensile residual stress and the larger compressive residual stress simultaneously occurs in the lower cold working material, and cold working has greater effect on the residual stress than on the residual strain. The residual compressive stress and residual compressive strain both decrease rapidly in a small range around the notch fronts and tend to be consistent in a more larger distance. But cold working has little effect on the residual strain.

In the manufacturing process of the large-scale wing boxes of the airplane, the assembly gaps of the bolts play a significant role in the safety assessment of the whole plane. Moreover, unreasonable tightening operations can also affect the assembly quality. In this paper, some experiments about the different tightening sequences and torques applied on the gap-existing bolts are executed for the influence on stress distribution. The recording of the surface profile is based on the trilinear coordinates measuring instrument, while the deformations of the surface can be measured by the strain gauges. Both the tightening sequence and torques can cause the local stress concentrations, especially in the places where the gaps appear firstly. The residual gaps of this place is of nearly 30% of the maximum clearance, which cannot be eliminated without shimming.

Now the observation error is widespread in applications. It is usually caused by the influence of surrounding environment, the error of measuring equipment or the improper selection of model and parameters. When the observation equation of system has not been verified or corrected under certain environmental conditions, applying it will yield to unknown system errors and filtering errors. For the systems under poor observation condition, an incremental Kalman filter in fast implementation is presented in this paper, which can eliminate the unknown system errors and improve the accuracy of state estimators. Moreover, it also has the smaller computation load compared with the general incremental Kalman filter. It is in fast implementation and easy to be applied in engineering practice. Two simulation examples show its effectiveness and feasibility.

Low impact docking mechanisms (LIDM) are developing. The LIDM seal is one of the key components of the LIDM, and play very critical roles during the docking and berthing of space vehicles. Due to the severe functional requirements, it is difficult to develop the LIDM seal that is a silicone elastomer seal. The excellent mechanical property is firstly required for the LIDM seal. Five design schemes of the LIDM seal are proposed by this paper, and their mechanical properties are studied by the proposed finite element method. The mechanical properties of the LIDM seal have important impacts on the required sealing performance, docking feature and separation feature. The findings are beneficial for the development of the LIDM seal for space docking vehicles.

The compact tensile specimens (C(T) specimens) are commonly used in crack propagation tests. The DC potential drop method is an important method for measuring crack length in crack propagation tests. To investigate the influence of the initial crack length of the C(T) specimen on the calibration curve in practice, the variation law of the potential field distribution of the compact tensile specimen with the crack propagation has been studied. The measurement features in different initial crack lengths and different current injection positions were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the initial crack length has a significant effect on the sensitivity of the signal and the linearity of the calibration curve. The sensitivity can be improved by increasing the initial crack length, while the linearity decrease.

The development of forward design of contact dynamic seals is an inevitable way to realize the independent development of core key components based on the research results of existing rubber and plastic seals. This paper proposes a multi-index comprehensive evaluation system for sealing performance. Based on the requirements of multiple performance indexes of dynamic sealing systems, a comprehensive evaluation of multiple index functions is constructed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of rubber and plastic seals. Based on the specific design examples of air contact seals, the design process of a certain seal is explored. Finally, the article elaborates on the future work of the forward design method and its development direction.

This paper presents comparative numerical studies to analyze the inlet flow and circumferential fluctuation(CF) source terms in compressor cascades. Forward swept cascades with different sweep angles and straight cascade were calculated numerically by a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) package to get the required three-dimensional(3D) flow parameters. A dimension reduction method was introduced and an in-house code for data reduction was conducted to obtain a circumferentially averaged flow field. The results show that different sweep angle and nominal incidence angle will change the magnitude and distribution of the CF source terms at inlet thus altering the inlet flow field. The Mach number(Ma) could also change the inlet CF source terms under the same swept angle. The trends of radial migration and the blade loading would increase with the growing of the inlet Ma.

Blood pumps have been widely used as a temporary method for heart failure. In recent years, the challenging factors in design have generally concentrated on how to deal with the complicated time-dependent fluid dynamics. Therefore, this research studies the impact to flow field by pulsatile boundary condition with both steady and unsteady numerical simulations. For steady computation, total pressures of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100mmHg and an average pressure of 120mmHg were given at the inlet and outlet respectively, and an unsteady simulation was then conducted with the same fixed pressure of 120mmHg at the outlet but a periodical sinusoidal pressure within 20 and 100mmHg at the inlet. Compared with a single character line drawn through the steady points, the unsteady computation resulted in a closed elliptic character curve. In the whole range of operation of the unsteady condition, flow field showed a well-attached flow in rotor passage but a large area of recirculation in the second row of stator passages. By contrast, flow field in the first row of stator passages and the pressure on the surface of rotor blades were greatly impacted by the acceleration and deceleration of the flow rate, which can be well explained by the change of incidence. Besides, flow rate acceleration or deceleration exaggerated a non-uniform distribution of velocity, which can easily form a larger area of high scalar shear stress than the steady results. A special pressure distribution between rotors and stators was also observed in unsteady flow.

Aiming at studying the dynamic performances of herringbone-grooved gas bearings, a model is built to analysis the relationship between herringbone-grooved gas bearings parameters and its performances such as friction torque, stiffness, stamping, etc. In this model, the hydrodynamic effect of compressible fluid and the shunting effect of herringbone groove are taken into account, and the partial derivative method which based on local integral finite difference method is used to calculate the modal at the same time. The result shows that when the average gap and the length-diameter ratio are decreasing, the rotate speed and eccentricity ratio will be increasing and the hydrodynamic effect of the gas bearing will be enhanced. Increasing groove angle, decreasing width-ridge ratio or aggrandizing length-groove ratio can improve its load capacity. The parameters such as rotate speed and eccentricity ratio are the most important factors which affect the dynamic characteristics of herringbone-groove gas bearing greatly. Then the analysis method is verified through an experiment systematically. In the experiment, the moment balance method is used. The experiment result shows that the result of model is correct s and reliable.

The verticality of Very Low Frequency (VLF) antenna is an important factor to decide the radiation intensity of airborne VLF communication system, and the close relation of which with the parameters of airplane, towed antenna, and drogue is an important issue. Considering from the aspect of system design, the flight speed and the drogue's mass are primary design variables whereas the bank angle constrained by airplane's maneuverability and cable's basic parameters decided by design requirement can be chosen initially. After modelling the trailing system with lumped-mass method, sensibility analyzation about relations of the verticality of antenna with the flight speed and the drogue's mass are carried on. The result is found that when a faster flight speed is chosen, it's not easy to gain enough verticality required, and leads to a conclusion that, flight speed dominates the verticality which should be decided seriously whereas the drogue's mass poses much less effect.

In order to facilitate the rapid drainage of airport apron in the special weather (such as heavy rain and snow), the apron is usually designed to have a certain slope. However, this slope leads to a difficult problem that chocks are not easy to take out when the airplane leave airport. In order to solve this problem, a hydraulic chocks design scheme is firstly proposed. The aircraft hydraulic chock involves two systems, which are named the slider system and the rod system Taking Boeing 737-800 as an example, this paper firstly makes reasonable assumptions. And then uses a hydraulic chocks to analyze the aircraft's stress situation. Through the calculation and analysis of the scheme, the feasibility of the scheme is verified, it also completely solve problem that chocks are not easy to take out. At the same time, the use of the hydraulic wheel block also avoids injury to personnel and waste of time.

According to the form-finding of the flexible cable-network antenna, a new form-finding analysis approach based on FEM is presented. A parametric variable and Co-rotational formulation are used to model antenna's constitutive nonlinearity and geometrical nonlinearity, and then the FEM governing equation is established. In order to improve the convergence ability, the Lemke algorithm combined with the improved Newton method is employed to solve the governing equation. The method is applied for nonlinear form-finding analysis of cable-network antenna and an ideal configuration is obtained. The research shows that the method can also be applied for studying other similar antennas.

Low-altitude airspace as a national valuable strategic resource, because of the lack of effective monitoring method, and can not be fully utilized. Integration of air defense and air traffic control is an important problem in air traffic control establishment and this Paper has discussed a kind of integrated system of low-altitude air defense and air traffic control based on cellular mobile communication network, which can effectively meet demand of early warning detection in low altitude air defense and at the same time can meet demand of air traffic control to air surveillance, communication and navigation. The proposed method can effectively solve the low-altitude airspace detection, monitoring and communication problems, and give full play to the economic value of low-altitude airspace.

In order to deal with future systematized, networking and intelligent warfare, the overall technology of a multiple projectiles weapon system for air-defense rolling missiles is studied. The system guidance model, the missile model and the stability control model are introduced. The three point guidance law and dual channel control equation of state in quasi-body coordinate system for rolling missile are emphatically analyzed, and the reliability and stability of the system are verified by constructing a Hardware In-the-Loop Simulation experiment joined with rolling gyro and damping gyro. The simulation result shows that the system has good stability and consistency with different conditions of interference and radar modes. The pitch-yaw channels are decoupled. There are no lost frames and false frames in the simulation cycle.

Aerodynamic design is a must and fundamental aspect for better performance of an aircraft. This work describes a framework for aerodynamic shape optimisation (ASO) based on high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses and an open source optimisation toolkit DAKOTA. The free form deformation (FFD) technique is adopted for parameterization of geometries, followed by a transfinite interpolation (TFI) method for grid deformation. CFD simulations are performed by full Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with turbulence model. CFD, FFD and TFI modules are integrated with DAKOTA by a black-box interface, a pre-processing and a post-processing. The transonic RAE2822 airfoil is employed for demonstration of the effectiveness and capability of the developed framework. Several cases with different optimisation algorithms, design variables and turbulence models are performed. Optimum solutions with significant improvement of lift-drag ratio are presented to demonstrate the capability of the framework in this paper.

The numerical simulation has been carried out to further investigate the cold flow characteristics for mixing efficiency and flame stability of the composite structure of pylon and cavity in the supersonic combustor and optimize the supersonic combustor flow field. It is found that the pylon can greatly improve the penetration depth of the jet and enhance the blending, and it will not bring the greater total pressure loss. Cavity can promote the diffusion of ethylene and improve the penetration depth of fuel, but also cause greater total pressure loss. The combination of the pylon and cavity can make good use of the advantage of the each single device and the geometry dimension and the combination mode of the pylon and cavity can be further analyzed from to improve the performance of the scramjet engine in next step.

Aiming at the problem of multidisciplinary coupling design of short-range tactical missile, an overall design model with minimum takeoff mass as the optimization objective is established. Based on the integrated design method, Aerodynamics, Motor, Mass Properties, Trajectory and other disciplines are analysed and their models are established. The multidisciplinary design optimization integration framework is constructed, and a missile multidisciplinary integrated design system is established through the program encapsulation, which can realize the coupling design and the overall parameter optimization of each subdiscipline. The system can design, analyze, simulate and optimize functions both system and subsystem, provide methods for optimization of aircraft programs and parameters, and support design schemes management in different technical states. The simulation results show that the system has obvious optimization effect and practical engineering.

In order to examine the effects of hangar rear edge curvature on ship airwake, the SFS2 ship configuration is modified by changing rear vertical surface of hangar into curved surface. Airwake with different configurations subject to free-stream of 25.7m/s at headwind are simulated using commercial CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT, and the traditional Reynolds- average Navier-Stokes k-ε two equation turbulence model is applied. A very good agreement of experiment results in wind tunnel with predictions from the CFD demonstrate that both the FLUENT code and the meshes generated by ICEM perform well in simulating ship airwake. The comparison of different hangar rear edge curvatures shows that the curvature modifications improved airwake over the flight deck region of SFS2 by reducing mean downwash and turbulence intensity. 90° is the best angle corresponding to SFS2 hangar rear edge curved arc, which will reduce pilot workload during launch and recovery operations.

In order to make multi-aircraft cooperating with each other and reaching the specified target area at the same time, the gliding trajectory cooperating planning is studied. The trajectory planning model is established. For a single aircraft, online trajectory generation based on the height vs velocity (H-V) profile is achieved, and a feedback linearization tracking guidance law is designed. For multi-aircraft, a multi-aircraft trajectory planning strategy based on time coordination is designed. Multi-aircraft trajectory cooperating planning under two different operational backgrounds is simulated. Simulation results show that the algorithm can achieve multi-aircraft trajectory cooperating planning, and multi-aircraft can reach the target area at the same time.

With the development of technology based on MBD, three-dimensional model has already been the sole basis during spacecraft assembly process, three-dimensional process design technology on MBD has all-around been applied in spacecraft assembly field. On the base of the five key technology which include digital assembly process design, visualization of three-dimensional process, simulation verification of three-dimensional assembly process, three-dimensional work instruction browsing and digital inspection, spacecraft assembly has realized the transformation from two-dimensional process design system to three-dimensional process design system. The digital assembly technology on MBD has thoroughly changed the spacecraft assembly flow. Through the implement of three-dimensional process design technology, the process design results are transferred to the workshop assembly site in the form of three-dimensional assembly instruction, improving the working environment of the production site, the level of spacecraft assembly is improved.

This paper analyses the dynamics of a vertical/short take-off and landing (V/STOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and obtains a nonlinear dynamics model. During the flight from vertical take-off to hovering, the roll moment, pitch moment and yaw moment are regarded as control inputs to linearize the nonlinear dynamic model to obtain the system transfer function. Finally, the control scheme of pitch angle during the flight from vertical take-off to hovering is developed, and the control scheme is verified by simulation. The simulation results reveal that the designed Proportional-Integration-Differential (PID) attitude controller can achieve stable control of the pitch attitude of the V/STOL drone during the hovering phase.

It has been proved that different blade loading distributions between tip and hub has a significant effect on centrifugal impeller performance, but the effect of loading difference at different location along the stream has not been fully understood. In this paper, several blades were modelled by a three-dimensional inverse design method, in which the impellers are defined by the blade loading distribution at its tip and hub and the flows are computed numerically by a commercial CFD code. Firstly, two impellers were modelled using the same distribution at the hub but giving different distributions at tip. The results show that the impeller with a smoother tip loading distribution performs better. At design flow rate, the total pressure ratio is found to be 1.8% higher and the efficiency rises 1.36% as well. Then a further research about the effect of increasing tip load at different parts along the flow path was carried out. Further analysis indicates that adding the load at the fore part of tip could increase the efficiency at design flow rate and brings more uniform impeller exit flow. However, the surge margin was narrowed by such change. Besides, adding the v_ur at the aft part of tip will promote the pressure ratio, with no adverse effect on the stable operation range.

According to the multipath effect problem that the missile intercepts the ultra-low altitude target, when the grazing angle near the Brewster Angle, the reflection coefficient of clutter reach the minimum, and the precision of guidance is higher. To ensure that the missile can intercept the target effectively under the vertical launch condition, a super-low-altitude intercept trajectory model is established. Then an improved proportional guidance law satisfying the Brewster Angle constraint is developed, and the overall trajectory of the missile from launch to strike target finally is designed. The Simulation show that the trajectory designed is relatively straight and meets the requirements. From the perspective of trajectory design, a way to solve the problem of the seeker detection have been explored.

A novel guidance for an evader which is exposed to a threat of two homing missiles is presented. Each missile is assumed to measure solely its own line-of-sight (LOS) angle and share it with other missile. Such information sharing enables the missiles to form a triangular measuring baseline relative to the evader and to improve their estimation accuracy. However, if the separation angle between the two LOS is small enough, the observability of such double-LOS measuring approach becomes weak. Motived by this observation, the idea of the proposed concept is to bring the missile on the same LOS with target in the first stage. As for the second stage, the evader perform an appropriately timed maximum evasive maneuver. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed guidance law can reduce the estimate and guidance accuracy of interceptors and achieve the goal of penetration.

In recent years, breast cancer is considered as one of the most predominant causes of death among women in the world. This also accounts for the 11.7 % of the total cancers diagnosed among ladies in Kazakhstan. The survival chances of the patients can significantly be improved if the disease is detected at its earliest stage. At the present time, mammography is found to be the most common technique for the purpose of detecting the breast cancer. However, this method is very expensive, and the diagnostic ability of this imaging technique fails when it comes to the detection of tumours of small sizes, in addition to its harmful side effect. The IR thermography is inexpensive without any harmful side effect, and promises to be more precise than conventional techniques of detecting breast cancer at its earlier stage. In this study we propose a comprehensive method that includes FEM modelling based on heat transfer principles and requires 3D scanning and IR imaging for disease diagnosis. Here we report the first part of our study, which develops an experimental procedure to generate experimental results for the validation of FEM models for the simulation and detection of breast cancer.

Symmetry design is a kind of common design method in mechanical product design. The rational use of symmetry is helpful to realize the function of the product better, embody the symmetry of shape and meet the design requirements. This paper systematically analyzed the concept and type of symmetry, and established the symmetry system of reducer. From the perspective of material function and art form, the paper decomposed the structure of reducer and expatiated the relationship between global symmetric, component symmetry, and symmetry base elements. This paper by analyzing the symmetry of foreign brand reducer, present the whole shape determination of reducer box and the expression of symmetrical datum. Furthermore, it is used in the modeling language design of reducer, which is beneficial to highlight brand characteristics, optimize the modeling of reducer and upgrade the level of reducer design.

In this research, cellular light-weight concrete has been developed as a material for a modular design of a multifunction and adaptable park furniture, as it is durable and has excellent resistance to extreme weather. Inspired by Froebel play blocks, the design attempts to accommodate variable activities, increase the value of limited urban parks and to change their settings from time to time in order to enhance their recreational values. This paper aims to evaluate the usability of the furniture product based on human-centred design during the design process and post-production. Formative usability test was conducted through conceptual exploration of multiple activities that could be accommodated through the product design by a range of users and different availability of park spaces. Summative usability test was then conducted post-production through lead users in order to expand the findings from the explorative usability tests. Findings reveal that multiple activities could be generated through the adaptable compositions and material durability of furniture design, even in the smallest areas of parks. It also grants opportunities for users of different age groups to perform multiple activities together, hence supporting urban parks to achieve their essential purpose of accommodating social interaction and healthy motoric activities.

Traditional pastry making is an authentic skill and source of livelihood for many village vendors in Indonesia. Despite their potentials in improving regional economy and promoting traditional cuisine, village pastry vendors face marketing problems due to their poor product display system, lack of retail space, and uncertainty of available time to make and sell their pastries. This research develops the idea of designing a portable and adaptable furniture product that can help pastry makers display and sell pastries efficiently and independently. Using the participatory method of human-centred design, the designers became participants of the pastry-making community in order to empathize with their problems and aspirations. Meanwhile, the pastry makers became participants in the following design processes of defining problems, ideating concepts and testing of furniture design prototypes. The result of this research is a furniture product for displaying and selling traditional pastries that is movable, adaptable to space and place, visually representable to the natural authentic image of Indonesian traditional cuisine, could be assembled and dissembled easily, and practical for storage and mobility. From the participatory design method, product designers also gain a reflexive awareness of their role in the society as agents of social change and economic innovations.

Design problems with variable requirements force designers to explore multiple alternatives between problem space and solution space of a design task. Despite several methods have been already proposed, CAD models hardly meet these variable requirements. To close this research gap, this study develops a generative design approach, addressing the automation of designing alternatives by capturing design knowledge into a set of design elements. These elements use essentially knowledge-based parametrics in terms of design requirements. Such design elements are used to assist designers in the creation of required design variants. Thus, the exploration of design alternatives is transformed into configuration of desired design elements. As a result, the invested time in routine work is reduced and designers are able to concentrate on the exploration of required design alternatives. Moreover, the output configuration also offers potentials in computer-aided optimization, since the design elements not only capture the design knowledge, but also incorporate manufacturing restrictions. At last, this approach is illustrated by taking a bicycle peddle crank as an example.

The power consumption of ultrasonic anemometers in engineering application has always been too high, which could limit their application in the long-time field measurement for wind speed. To solve the above problem, an ultrasonic anemometer with low power consumption, which employs the time-difference method to measure wind speed, has been designed in this paper. The ultra-low-power microprocessor STM32L476 is adopted as the core processor and low-power chips are used extensively in peripheral circuits. The whole circuit consists of power circuit, ultrasonic wave transmitter, signal receiver and memory chip. Besides, it can work in both online mode and self-contained mode. Simultaneously, Kalman filter algorithms have been employed to reduce data errors. It has been indicated in many experiments that the anemometer has lower power consumption, as well as higher precision.