Table of contents

Preface

Climate change is a problem at international, regional, national and local levels. Events related to uncertain climatic conditions such as floods, droughts, landslides, high waves, and sea level rise are increasingly common with increasing intensity, resulting in casualties in economic and ecological losses. Adaptation and mitigation are two complementary strategies for responding to climate change. Adaptation is the process of adjusting to the actual and expected climate and its effects to reduce or avoid harm or exploit profitable opportunities. Mitigation is the process of reducing emissions or improving greenhouse gas sinks (GHGs), thereby limiting climate change in the future. Both adaptation and mitigation can reduce and manage the risk of climate change impacts. However, adaptation and mitigation can also create other risks, as well as their benefits. The strategic response to climate change involves consideration of climate-related risks along with additional risks and benefits of adaptation and mitigation measures.

The adaptation and mitigation measures to cope with climate change should be addressed in a sustainable manner. For that, learning from the history regarding the adverse impact of climate change and how to deal with that is a compulsion to take a proper strategy. The formulation of adaptation and mitigation strategy for a sustainable development of both natural and human resources should be a continue process toward the future by maintaining the harmony in the past. Mistakes or lacks in the past in deciding the adaptation and mitigation strategy to climate change should be avoided or minimized. Meanwhile on the other hands, positive policies, responses and actions should be improved hence the sustainable development can be achieved.

The 3^rd International Conference on climate change aimed at accommodating the new related inspiration about how to minimize the climate change that occurred at this time by learning from the past. Attendees can access practical and valuable information to provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and research results in theoretical and practical aspects of climate change and global warming as well as industrial applications for a sustainable development.

Chairman The 3^rd ICCC 2018

Komariah, PhD.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In areas with strongly seasonal climates, local people often use complex strategies to manage agricultural production shortages, including diverse activities such as hunting, selling and consuming non-agricultural products, and wage labor. We surveyed all the households in a village in northern Laos to evaluate how such livelihood activities varied during years with differing agricultural production conditions. We compared two years with normal rice production conditions (2010, 2012) and one year with a severe rice shortage (2011) due to a rodent outbreak. Earning wages inside and outside the village was the most important activity for mitigating rice shortages, followed by selling livestock and using/selling non-timber forest products. Villagers also borrowed rice from a village rice bank. Most cash income was earned from selling rice. We concluded that a balance of traditional risk management activities under the swidden system (e.g., raising livestock) with the more recent rice bank system and wages from the market economy will be critical for the sustainable development of mountain villages in northern Laos. Permanent crops and monocultures tend to make local livelihoods more dependent on a single crop, but maintaining the traditional swidden system will help local people to manage agricultural production shortages.

Three concepts of agroforestry interact with three aspects of climate change, linking local to global scales. Scientific knowledge can contribute to public policy development in four distinct phases: grasp, commit, operationalize and innovate. This contribution highlights three ways agroforestry can be part of a climate change response: adapt to increased risks and uncertainties, facilitate an energy transition (while capturing and storing carbon), and restoring landscape multifunctionality to allow current human resource appropriation to become sustainable, fitting sustainable development goals within planetary boundaries.

Global climate change has been recognized as a challenging isue in the past decades and with significant impacts on many aspects of human life, especially on the availability and vulnerability on water resources. Food production requires a large portion of water demands and directly related to population that is still increasing in Indonesia. Therefore food production will have direct impacts on land and water resources with great implications on environmental degradation. Water resources development and management in Indonesia under stress in changing climate is considered still in low risk of water scarcity nationally with space-time variation, such as for Java Island and many developing urban areas already at high water stress level. Sustainability of water resources in such areas could be achieved only through trade-off and balancing the competing water demands and available supply, satisfying the law of mass conservation as a sufficiency condition. These high-risk water stress areas would need development of water storage and irrigation infrastructures and adoption of crop-water productivity strategy to improve water use efficiency for food and agricultural production and ensure water and food security of the country.

Soil moisture content is one of the most important soil physical characteristics and very beneficial for plant growth. Instead of employing laboratory analysis, estimating soil moisture in more simple and practical method, such as using a digital camera is very important to improve the efficiency of agricultural productivity. Air and soil temperature, which strongly relate to soil moisture are indicating the climate anomaly. Therefore, it is necessary to observe soil moisture using red green image from camera. This research aimed at estimating soil moisture from several soil types using Red-Green-Blue (RGB) imagery from digital camera. Eight soil samples from several locations of Alfisol soil types were collected, air-dried and sieved. Similar volume of water was applied at each soil sample, then all samples arranged for picture capture. Soon after the picture was captured using RGB digital camera, the soil moisture was investigated using gravimetric method. The image of the captured soil samples then was processed using ENVI software for interpretation. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to obtain the estimation model and accuracy level. The results found that RGB image taken from digital camera can be used to estimate soil moisture with moderate accuracy.

The climate change significantly gives impact on microclimate home garden by enhancing the temperature from 25 to 29 °C. The canopy stratification influences microclimate condition (light intensity, air temperature, soil humidity) which are less supportive for cocoa growth. Limitation of light intensity resulted in lower chlorophyll on photosynthesis, so that a management strategy to increase the chlorophyll with balanced fertilization especially on nitrogen enrichment is required. Research purposes were to study the effects of surrounding cocoa microclimate on canopy growth, fruit and seed qualities (physical and chemical), and also to analyze the role of nitrogen to replace the light intensity limitation of cocoa. A survey method was conducted to collect the data at Punung village, Pacitan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Based on shade condition, three sub-villages were selected as sampling sites, namely Klepu 1, Jatisari and Klepu 2 which represented low, dense and very dense canopy closure, respectively. Four cocoa trees of 4-5 years age were selected at every sub-village as samples and treated with nitrogen fertilizer. Microclimate components were analyzed with descriptive quantitative and followed with correlation analysis. Analysis of variant and F test were used to determine nitrogen requirement to support the chemical quality of seeds. The results found the light interception (4.5-11.14%) caused the growth of canopy was less than optimal due to cocoa needs 15% of light interception for better growth. Physical qualities (uniformity of fruit size, the weight of seed per fruit and number of seeds per 100 g) were affected by temperature (29-30°C) and also the chemical quality. Closed relationship and positive correlation (r = 0.62) showed that temperature significantly influences seeds development. Nitrogen deficiency due to light limitation could be replaced with 850 g of urea per tree per year, and thus recommended as a land management strategy for cocoa cultivation at home gardens.

Climate change has an adverse effect on dryland by decreasing soil organic matter content and hence improving soil fertility through innovative research is urgent. The research aims to investigate the optimum doses of organic fertilizer composted with liquid biofilm biofertilizer to increase soil nutrients availability and on dryland Lithosols. The experiment was conducted on Lithosols at Geneng Duwur village, Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia, with the elevation 112 m above sea level. The experimental was arranged in the randomized complete block design with a single factor, namely doses of organic fertilizer which was composted by liquid biofilm biofertilizer (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 tons ha⁻¹) with three replications. Each treatment occupied a 2 × 3 m² size plot, then each plot was prepared with holes to plant spinach with plants spacing of 15 cm × 20 cm. Three seeds of spinach were planted at each hole, and they were harvested at the maximum vegetative stage. The observed variables including plants parameters (plant height, stove fresh and dry weight) and soil parameters (organic matter content, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K)). Data were analyzed using the F test at α = 0.05 and followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed the application of organic fertilizer composted with liquid biofilm biofertilizer on dryland of Lithosols increased soil nutrients availability (total-N, available-P, exchangeable-K and soil organic matter) and spinach yields. Composting organic fertilizers with biofilm biofertilizer can support integrated farming systems because it provides microbes as the main agents in biogeochemistry reaction process in soil.

Climate change causes irregularity of rainfall, affecting the availability of groundwater and decrease crop production. This research aimed to investigate land suitability class for sweet corn in the third cropping period which takes place in the dry season (during June-September) at Wonosari Village. This research used survey method with purposive sampling. Wonosari Village classified into 4 Land Map Units (LMU). The actual land suitability was N class (not suitable) divided into 2 sub-classes: N1 class (currently not suitable) at LMU 1, 3, and 4 with rainfall as the limiting factor, and N2 class (permanently not suitable) at LMU 2 with crude material as the limiting factor. Improvement efforts were conducted on the LMUs with N1 class and marginally suitable class (S3) by providing organic materials, fertilizing, liming, and flooding the rain-fed fields. The improvement efforts resulted in an upgrade into moderately suitable class (S2) at LMU 1, 3 and 4 with limiting factors of crude material, soil depth, base saturation and erosion hazard, and not suitable class (N) at LMU 2 with limiting factors of crude material content. Sweet corn cultivation in Wonosari would be more profitable if conducted in the cropping periods I and II to overcome the low rainfall constraint.

Due to the global climate change, sea level rise and storm surges are worried to accelerate salt damage to coastal agricultural fields. The Republic of Palau, a small island nation in the Pacific Ocean is suffering from increasing taro patch abandonment. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of taro patches which are damaged by seawater based on the GIS analysis and clusterings, such as elevation, distance from the sea, slope, catchment area, and area of a taro patch. The target area was the Babeldaob Island, which is the largest island in Palau. The results showed that the taro patches were mostly distributed in less than 10 m in elevation, within 1 km in distance from seawater and on slopes below 3%. We divided taro patches into two clusters by k-means clustering; cluster 1 which the elevation was low with catchment area and area of taro patch were small; cluster 2 which the elevation was high with catchment area and area of taro patch were large. These results imply that the large catchment area might lead to suppression of salt damage.

Along with the Climate Change phenomenon, the presence of Rubus began to decrease. However, it is still possible for some Rubus species to survive the condition. There are at least six Rubus species in Mount Lawu. The six species are Rubus moluccanus, Rubus lineatus, Rubus fraxinifolius, Rubus rosaefolius, Rubus niveus, and Rubus rosifolius. The aims of this research were to initiate stage of Rubus conservation due to increasingly irregular climate change. This research used quadratic transect along the hiking route. The fruits used as samples for the antioxidants, vitamin C, and anthocyanin contents analysis. The results revealed that Rubus moluccanus were found in post 1 and post 3 via Cetho Temple route with abundance value of 0.16 and 3.3. Meanwhile, Rubus rosaefolius and Rubus rosifolius only found in post 1 with abundance value of 0.8 and 0.64. The results also showed that Rubus moluccanus contains 13.78% antioxidants, 53.17 mg per 100 g vitamin C, and 220 mg per 100 g anthocyanins.

Climate change has lead to the uncertainty of wet and dry season onset. Season onset is important information for farmers to consider the agriculture activity. Climate policy in Indonesia is authorized by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (abbreviated as BMKG in Indonesian), which determine the initial of the season based on ten-days rainfall (decadal). Water availability in the soil is not just influenced by rainfall, but also soil characteristics. This research aims to determine the season onset based on rainfall and soil moisture availability for crops under the tropical monsoon climate. Climatic and soil moisture data were collected from Karanganyar District, Province of Central Java, Indonesia in October 2016 to February 2018. Soil moisture data collected by soil moisture logger. The result found that the wet season onset for agricultural activity was different than based on climatic data.

Soil erosion may accelerate the impact of climate change by releasing carbon, productivity loss, and harm the food production securities. Losing of soil productivity may lead to another land and forest clearing to support the agriculture activities. The Modified Productivity Index (MPI) is a new method to assess the effects of soil erosion on soil productivity. This research aimed to evaluate the application of MPI on the tropical volcanic landscape in Indonesia. It is important because having a good quantitative judgment on land evaluations will have a great impact to reduce climate change due to land mismanagement. The research area was at Bompon Watershed, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The method used MPI to estimate the soil productivity potency. The parameters observed were clay content, soil organic matter, soil pH, soil available water, and soil weight. The results found that PI was considered low, despite the actual condition of Bompon watershed which densely covered by vegetation. Turns out, there are some limitations of the method that needs to be corrected before widely applied in the tropical and multi-vegetation area such as Indonesia.

Based on the results of this research, the production of quail eggs at high environmental temperatures (31-34°C) is 10.77% lower than those at low environmental temperatures (26-30°C). High environmental temperatures can reduce the production of eggs. At high environmental temperatures, more energy is needed for the regulation of body temperature instead of for the production of eggs. This present study aims at analyzing the factors affecting the production of quail eggs at Kulonprogo Regency under the weather uncertainty as a result of climate change. Employing convenience sampling, 60 respondents took part in this research. Data were analyzed through the use of Durbin Watson, Kolmogorov - Smirnov, Glejser, ANOVA, and Regression tests. The result found that the air temperature difference between day ranges (31-34° C) and night ranges (26 - 30° C) significantly affected the feed variable and the quail egg productivity. The IDR 1 of feed cost would increase the profit of IDR 0.96.

Land conversion is one of the problems in agriculture because it decreases the number of productive lands. This condition is exacerbated by climate change phenomenon. This research aimed to identify the climate change impact on paddy field area conversion and rice production in Tegal Regency, Indonesia. The research was conducted by interpreting and classifying satellite image data as well as analyzing land area changes and rice production. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used as the supervised classification method followed by correlation tests. The results indicated paddy field area decreased in 2009-2015, from 39,365.3 to 36,629 ha. While climate conditions in 2009-2015 were fluctuating, but rice production from 2009 to 2015 increased from 350,116 to 382,161 tons. The changes of paddy field areas and climate parameters did not affect rice production (Rainfall: r = 0.32, P>0.05; Temperature: r = - 0.05, P>0.05; Humidity: r = 0.09, P>0.05, n = 7). However, paddy field conversion and climate condition changes must be addressed to optimize and sustain the rice production in Tegal Regency.

Global climate change has impacts on the increase of annual rainfall. The raising of air temperature will lead to more water evaporation into the air so the potential for heavy rainfall will also increase, as well as the potential for soil damage. The aims of this research were (1) to determine the soil risk level on the existing condition and banana cultivation; and (2) to make proper land conservation directives on banana crops. This research is an explorative descriptive with survey approach at 28 land map units supported by soil analysis. The results showed that the erosion - risk levels were from low to very high, with erosion prediction of 0.24-1600.21 ton/ha/year and 9.88-2577.80 ton/ha/year on existing condition and banana cultivation. Contour bunds and bench terraces combined with permanent grass strips and annual crops planting are the alternative tools for land conservation methods at the surrounding areas.

The agricultural sector is affected by climate change along with intensive farming. This thing causes land degradation and land productivity decline. This study aims to measure the level of willingness to pay (WTP) of farmer community for environmental improvements due to land degradation and to analyze the factors influencing the WTP. The research was conducted at Sempayang Village, Malinau District, North Kalimantan in March 2018. This location was chosen because it has the most critical land with an area 541.08ha, 77% of the total area of degraded land at North Kalimantan. By considering the limitation of time, cost and human resources, then in conducting the primary data collection it was only on 51 respondents using random sampling method. Contingent valuation method (CVM) used to determine the farmers' willingness to pay (WTP), while ordinary least square analysis used to analyze the factors affecting the WTP. To suppress the damaging effects of the critical land, farmers of the farmer community willing to pay IDR.21,296 per one production period, where the highest WTP was IDR.50,000. The factors affecting the WTP are the age, education, length of stay, status of land ownership and plan to move. Meanwhile the income, marital status, number of family members, main profession and soil conservation had the negative effects on WTP.

Climate change leads and increase the food risky because it is hard to predict the timing or severity of its occurrence, and hydroponics is a method to overcome this problem. This research was held in the green house located at Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia, from October 2016 until March 2017. This study aimed to assess the effects of using some substrates on growth and yield of the hot pepper plant. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Design with single factor. The factor was kind of substrates consisted of 6 levels, i.e.: husk charcoal (as control), steamed husk, cocopeat, combination of husk charcoal + zeolite (1:1, v/v), steamed husk + zeolit (1:1, v/v), and cocopeat + zeolite (1:1), v/v). Data were analyzed using Anova and HSD test at α = 0.05. The results showed that substrates effected the number of leaves, chlorophyll content, root volume, dry weight, number of fruit and total fruit weight.

Climate change as the global issue should be analysed from mitigating especially in the cement industrial. This industry contributes up to 6% to the global warming. Cement plants must already take over management of the cement dust arising mainly on the production. However, there are still many who are exposed to cement dust into the surrounding environment, due to the dust cement contributes to air pollutant and give impact to climate change. This research aims to study the various strategies to catch a smooth dust using fogging methods with variable water speed. In such a device, as media dust catcher is mist generated from water which is converted into mist by sprayer. The dust catcher instrument installed at the location after the end of the cement factory chimneys. Of course, in order not to complicate the technical implementation in the chimney is curved downward so it is easier to install dust extraction tool such fogging method. The tool optimal conditions occur in the water velocity 110 ml per min with an efficiency of 63.60%. In the water velocity 110 ml per min it will form a mist with the optimal amount, if the water velocity is greater than 110 ml per min will tend to form droplets, on the contrary if the water velocity is less than 110 ml per min of the amount of haze formed is not maximized.

A robust assessment on the impact of climate change at regional atmospheric condition is crucial to ensure the sustainability of groundwater resource for tropical karst island, where water is considered relatively scarce and thus important for the community. In this study, future long-term climate projection under HadCM3 global model climate (GCM) scenarios for a period of 2020-2090 is validated and simulated, using input data of weather variables downscaled by Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). The simulation indicated that the climate variables, i.e. temperature and rainfall, are expected to be affected by climate change and generally vary over the period under the scenarios. The rainfall is estimated to slightly raise by 0.14% and 0.09% under H3A2a and H3B2a scenarios, respectively. Steady temperature increases by 1.89-2.16% (Tmax) and 1.05-1.59 % (Tavg) and a decrease of 0.73-0.76% were predictable for all scenarios.

Plastic shopping bags have been used in everyday life. In fact, plastic bags production from polyethylene will cause greenhouse gas emission when broken down into small pieces, and hence they contribute to anthropogenic climate change sources. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of environmental knowledge, perceived value and price, product appearance, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention to purchase reusable shopping bags. The purposive sampling method was used in choosing respondents and the criteria were the respondents who already knew the reusable bag product and had the intention to buy it. Overall, 110 respondents were considered fit to meet the predefined criteria and fill out the questionnaire completely. The instrument testing and also hypothesis testing were tested by Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). With regard to Hypothesis Testing, the level of confidence was 95% while the rule of thumb for t-test was even having more than 1.96. The results found that environmental knowledge has a positive effect toward attitude, perceived price on influenced attitude, perceived value affecting attitude and product appearance impacted to the attitude (t-students' value: 2.495; 3.325; 3.932; and 10.028 successively). Furthermore, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control influenced the intention to buy. (t-students' value: 3.907; 2.292; 2.932 respectively).

Climate change has become a crucial problem for the water resources of the pharmaceutical industry in Wonogiri district, Central Java, Indonesia, as the industry uses surface water of several adjacent rivers for its processes and results in high Fe and Mn concentration in its wastewater. Iron and manganese in pharmaceutical industry wastewater should be reduced to 1.0 and 0.5 ppm to implement the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Law No 5 of 2014. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combined activated allophane adsorption and biofiltration of Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM4) for reducing Fe and Mn concentrations in pharmaceutical industry wastewater. Allophane of Lawu volcano, Central Java, Indonesia is activated using NaOH and the EM4 is attached to bio ball media. Bio balls were seeded with 2 ml EM4, inserted into allophane tube, then submerged into the wastewater from a herbal Pharmaceutical industry in Wonogiri district, Central Java on November 2017. The combined of bioreactor system operated in aerobic batch condition. The bioreactors were set for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours at 28, 32, 37 and 46 °C. The analysis of iron used o'phenanthroline method and manganese was examined using Persulfate method. The results showed a decrease from 0.591 to 0.175 ppm of iron, and manganese from 0.721 to 0.441 ppm at 37 °C for 24 hours.

Rising environmental concerns on climate changes are causing an increasing attention on reducing wastes dumped to the landfills. As Indonesia's marine fishery industry is in developing stage in its capacity and production systems which consequently increases generation of wastes. Approximately 25-35% of fish production will ultimately become residue or waste due to the unsophisticated technology of fish storage and processing facilities. Most of their wastes dumped in landfills which subsequently impact the environment. Waste minimization program like upcycling waste into the more useful product can be an option for not only dumping wastes dumped into the landfill but also subsequently reducing greenhouse gas emissions such as CO₂ and methane. This study evaluated the biological and chemical processes of fish silage production using various additives, including molasses as a carbon source and formic acid. Experiments were conducted in five anaerobic reactors containing 10 kg of fish waste each; the observation period was 40 days. The results indicated that adding molasses (10%, 15%, and 20% in volume) and Lactobacillus plantarum to fish waste significantly influenced pH and water/ash content. On average, the silage process reduced around 38% of fish wastes dumped in a landfill.

Geothermal is one of the most reliable energy sources in Indonesia. The utilization of geothermal energy in the electricity generation provides green energy, as it can slow down the global warming and help control the climate change. However, the development of its capacity is still considerably slow. One of the most common problems encountered in geothermal power plants is silica scaling. This limits energy production by inhibiting the mass flow of the geothermal fluid and also adding resistance to the heat transfer. This study focuses on the silica precipitation of geothermal fluid using the addition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) in a continuous reactor. The experiment was conducted by varying the reaction times of 5.00 and 8.33 minutes; reaction temperatures of 30 and 70°C; and pH levels of 7 and 9. The silica concentration of the initial and processed fluids was analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The observed silica concentration of the initial fluid was 600 ppm, with the best concentration at 150 ppm (25%) under 5 minutes reaction time, 70°C of reaction temperature, and pH of 9. Significance analysis showed that the silica concentration in the fluid is decreased when pH is increased, but with a shorter time of reaction. In addition, pH has a significant effect on the silica precipitation, while temperature and reaction time are much less significant.

Global warming has become an important issue over the last few decades. One of the causes is the presence of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) which is emitted by human activities. Oil and gas production (drilling, work over, and refinery) for energy consume will be followed by the associated gas. The associated gas will be flared due to safety and non-economic reasons. The objectives of this study are reviewing the environmental impact and utilize technologies from flaring gas. The impact of flaring gas can lead to a decrease in human health, increased GHG, changing the plant metabolism, and decrease the production of agricultural crops. Due to these, there are some technologies to reduce flaring such as: reinjection (EOR activities), PNG, LPG, LNG, CNG, NGH, GTE, and GTL. The flare gas recovery is expected to obtain the lower value of GHG in the air and as one of the clean development mechanism (CDM) practices with a rethink, reuse, reduce, recovery, and recycle principle.

Addressing the climate change on agricultural sector as an approach to increase rice productivity, which at the same time also mitigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, economically feasible, socially acceptable and hence appropriate for policy support, is a special challenge. This study provided Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) technology to address the multi-dimensional complexity in agriculture system including climate, economic and technology for farmers and the community. The research locations were selected on particularly major irrigated rice fields at three districts in Central Java, i.e. Banjarnegara, Purbalingga and Banyumas District. Demo plots were used to compare the Farmers practice with CSA technology. The CSA technology used were: leaf color chart to apply N fertilizer, paddy soil test kit for determining basic fertilizer, organic matter amendment and intermittent irrigation. This study shows that CSA reduced GHG emissions than Farmers practice between 7-23% of Global Warming Potential and achieved economic benefit between 42-129%. Introducing CSA to the farmers and community is recommended to cope with climate change as the adaptation and mitigation actions. Despite very clear advantages in reducing GHG emission and climate change adaptation, many constraints must be faced by the implementation of CSA in the field.

Indonesia Government through Pertamina Co. Ltd has launched a new fuel product, namely Pertalite that is more environmentally friendly than the previous one (premium). Premium is 88 octanes gasoline that is less environmentally friendly than Pertalite (90-octanes). Low-octane gasoline causes the inefficiency in usage so that more carbon will be released into the environment which contributes to global warming. Unfortunately, the premium consumption is still relatively high, which became the background of this research. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of variables affecting the intention of adoption of environmentally friendly fuel product. This study is a survey that was conducted in Surakarta City, Indonesia by purposive sampling method. The criteria of respondents are the people who know the difference between premium and pertalite gasoline. Testing instruments and testing data used Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method. The result showed the t-score of SEM-PLS analysis for the price fairness, relative advantage and product knowledge were 3.057, 9.134, and 4.668, respectively, hence influenced the attitude toward adoption. That scores are more than cut off 1.96 in T table with significance level 5%. Furthermore, attitude toward adoption influenced the intention of adoption with t-value 17.903.

The increase in greenhouse gas concentration, one of which is Methane (CH₄), is the main cause of global warming and climate change. Organic materials which easily decomposed are the main sources of CH₄ production in paddy fields. The research aimed to find out and analyze the dynamics of CH₄ emission in each stage of rice growth, seasonal CH₄ emission, and rice productivity cultivated both organically and conventionally on Alfisols and Andisols at Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia. All treatments were conducted by local farmers with common agricultural practices. In conventional farming, for Andisols only fertilizer has applied the chemical whereas for Alfisols the chemical fertilizer was applied with the addition of fresh chicken manure. The sampling of CH₄ gas conducted four times in each location at 15, 35, 65, and 100 days after planting (DAP), respectively, using box chambers (50×50×100 cm). The gases were analyzed using gas chromatography, while productivity was determined by calculating total yield 2.5 m⁻² (Indonesian Statistical Bureau). The treatment of Andisols C (Andisols with Conventional Farming Management) resulted in the highest CH₄ emission in paddy fields for one planting season. The highest CH₄ emissions were obtained at the active tillering phase (35 DAP), because of the effect of flooded conditions. For both andisols and alfisols conventional farming management resulted in higher rice productivity, whereas organic farming management resulted in better economically and in preserving the environment.

Human activities including modern agriculture have increased the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) since the industrial age. The agricultural sector is a source for three primary GHG emissions: methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Numerous management practices can potentially mitigate GHG emissions from rice fields. Before implementing the practices, it is critical to evaluate its impact on GHG emissions and rice production. The aim of this study is to explore the management practices from paddy fields in Indonesia as mitigation of GHG emission without any yield loss. There were some trade-offs between CH₄ and N2O emissions. Continuous flooding triggered largely CH₄ emissions and reduced N₂O emissions. Organic fertilizer tended to decrease N2O emissions. Nevertheless, inorganic fertilizer e.g. urea application led to an increase of N2O emissions. Promising mitigation options of GHG emission from rice cultivation are the application of water management, a nitrification inhibitor, iron supplement, rice cultivars selection, nutrient (organic-inorganic) management, cultivation method. The effectiveness of the GHG mitigation options varied while acceptability of mitigation options will depend on the extent to which sustainable production will be achieved or maintained.

Global warming has many negative impacts, such as droughts, floods, and crop failures. Agricultural cultivation activities can capture and produce CO₂. This study aims to assess the sequestration and release of carbon from the cultivation of upland rice with straw and mycorrhiza application. This field study used two factors (types of straw and levels of mycorrhiza) which were arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design. The first factors were three types of straw (control, fresh and weathered), and the second factors were two levels of mycorrhiza. The results showed that application of straw and mycorrhiza significantly increased the C storage soil. Furthermore, the application of fresh and weathered straw incorporated with mycorrhiza increased C sequestration up to 24,449.81 kg Ha⁻¹ and 26,631.73 kg Ha⁻¹.

The use of fossil fuel will generate particulate gas in the atmosphere and forming the greenhouse effect. One of the ways to reducing greenhouse effect is used renewable energy as hydropower without generating particulate gas impacted in human life. The present study uses hydropower as the renewable energy by using a Savonius turbine. The main objective investigates the performance of Savonius water turbine numerically due to the installation of a circular cylinder beside of the advancing blade with circular cylinder diameter variations. The method used is numerically toward Savonius turbine disturbed a circular cylinder. The numerical simulation using two-dimensional (2D) analysis of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation by using ANSYS 17.0-Fluent and sliding Mesh technique used is to solve the incompressible Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations. The turbulence model uses Realizable k-epsilon (RKE) and transport equation uses the finite volume discretization method with the second-order upwind scheme and the SIMPLE algorithm. Firstly, the numerical model has been validated by the published experimental data toward the torque coefficient by using air fluid at Reynolds of 4.32.10⁵. Then the fluid is changed the water fluid at the same Reynolds. The circular cylinder diameter relative to the turbine diameter (ds/D) is varied of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 at X/D of 0.5 and Y/D of 0.7 kept constant with TSR of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3. The numerical simulation uses the transient and two dimensional (2D) simulations. The results show that the increase of disturbance diameter (ds/D) will improve the performance of the conventional Savonius turbine and the maximum power coefficient increase about 18.04% at ds/D of 0.7 with TSR of 0.7.

This study aims to determine the biomass, C-organic content, carbon stock, and CO₂ sink in above-ground biomass on Urban green space (UGS) in Singaraja city. Vegetation sampling was conducted according to the SNI 7724:2011. Vegetation carbon stock in trees was estimated using allometric equations, litter and herbaceous were estimated using biomass expansion factor (BEF) equation. The organic carbon content in vegetation samples was measured by Walkley and Black method. The result showed that average biomass in the trees is 23.645 tons per ha and 44.768 tons per ha, 0.211 tons per ha and 0.194 tons per ha for the herbaceous, while the litter is 0.347 tons per ha and 0.268 tons per ha respectively for boulevard and roadside. The average C-organic content in the tree is 1.30% and 2.03%, 6.26% and 4.79% for the herbaceous, while the litter is 4.86% and 4.29% respectively for boulevard and roadside. The average carbon stock in the tree is 30.750 tons per ha and 90.880 tons per ha, 1.321 tons per ha and 0.930 tons per ha for the herbaceous, while a litter is 1.686 tons per ha and 1.182 tons per ha respectively for boulevard and roadside. The sequestration of CO₂ by the tree is 112.751 tons per ha and 333.226 tons per ha, 4.845 tons per ha and 3.408 tons per ha for the herbaceous, while the litter is 6.184 tons per ha and 4.334 tons per ha respectively for boulevard and roadside.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of a health problem worldwide, which 3.9 billion people, in 128 countries, are at risk of infection of dengue viruses. There are several factors associated with DHF, such as climate change, rainfall, etc. The aim of the study is to describe the relationship of rainfall with the incidence of DHF from 2009-2013 at Pasuruan, Indonesia. The study was analytic study, which secondary data were used from Health and Statistics office of Pasuruan. The data was analyzed univariate and bivariate by Spearman test with SPSS. The results informed there were total of 1,453 cases of DHF incidence during 2009-2013 in Pasuruan, where Grati and Tutur Sub-district has 182 cases and 1 case, respectively. According to statistical test, the p value of rainy days period and rainfall with DHF incidence is 0.000 and 0.000 (α = 0,05) in Grati, respectively. Therefore, there were relation between rainy days period and rainfall with DHF incidence, which the rainy days period and rainfall have strong association.

Besides mitigation, adaptation is one of the strategies to reduce climate change impacts. This study aims to explore the yard optimization as an adaptation strategy to respond to climate change. The research used the descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through field observation, interviews, and documentation. The results found there were three main forms of the yard optimization in combating climate change, i.e.: (1) the utilization for traditional medicinal plants to meet household needs; (2) the utilization of fish pond creation for water reservoir; and (3) the utilization for fruit and vegetables plants to enhance household nutrition and food security.

The awareness of climate change has been recognized as an important key to driving the public to fight against climate change as a global threat. This study focused to examine the role of a youth social movement in strengthening public awareness on climate change. This research employed the descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that the Youth for Climate Change (YfCC) of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has played various important roles to strengthen public awareness on climate change especially by using an educational approach. Unfortunately, their works did not receive appropriate support from the local government.

Climate change affects the thermal performance of buildings. A building's thermal performance is influenced by its envelopes, such as roof, wall, and floor. A different building envelope may create a different thermal condition which may also influence its occupants' comfort. This research aims at analyzing the residential thermal performance at the tropical highland areas by examining the deviation between the outer and inner space's air temperature and humidity. The research employed a quantitative method by measuring the air temperature and humidity for 24 hours which were recorded every one hour. There were 15 houses with various building envelope materials as the samples. Since highland has colder air temperature, the differences between thermal variables of the outer and inner space's of the residentials were observed to figure out the longest warming. The warming process is associated with the occupants' thermal comfort standards. The results showed there are two types of residential producing the longest warming (23 hours) which in accordance with the occupants' thermal comfort standards. The first type is the house enveloped with roof tiles, wooden walls, and an earthen floor, while the second one is a residential house enveloped with a zinc roof, exposed stone walls, and an earthen floor.

It is considered that climate change has been increasing the global air temperature and rising sea level. Thus, the monitoring of sea level is necessary to mitigate the hazard risk. For estimating sea level change from various altimetric missions, attention must be taken to determine the bias of measurements between altimetric different missions. The aim of this study is to merge both of Jason series and Envisat satellite altimeters for estimating sea level variability around the Indonesian Seas. To create sea level time series, two adjustment methods are employed: tandem mission data and sea level anomaly differences at crossovers. The adjustment using tandem mission between Jason-1 and Jason-2 obtained a relative difference of 32.8 ± 5.4 mm. The adjustment method at crossovers is applied for combining Envisat and Jason series which is already intercalibrated. The mean crossovers differences between Envisat and reference missions are less than 2.5 cm. By using merged datasets from all missions, it is discovered that the trend in the Indonesian seas for a period of 10 years is 11.9 mm years⁻¹. The map of sea level trends from all satellites data for that period is performed in 1° × 1° regular grids.

The South China Sea, one of Large Marine Ecosystem in the world, is located in strategic waterways and has become a hot-spot area as it is contested by six countries namely China, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, Vietnam and the Philippines. The sea is now facing a serious problem in terms of ecology degradation due to pollution and climate change. This issue is not handled properly regarding its location in the disputed area with high tension of suspicion. Indonesia is not a claimant in the South China Sea but since the 1990s launched Track Two Diplomacy by conducting annual workshop under the name "Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea". One of the outcomes of the meeting was to conduct scientific cooperation project namely "The study of tides and sea levels of change and their impact on coastal environment in the South China Sea affected by potential climate change". The objectives of this project are to build solid tidal knowledge and characteristic of sea level variation as well as to standardize methods of measurement for tidal analysis and prediction. This article analyzes the initiation and implementation of the project as a breakthrough of scientific cooperation in a disputed area.

Adaptation is a key strategy to reduce the severe impacts of climate change on the fishery. Adaptation strategies are unlikely to be effective without an understanding of the fishermen's perception on climate change. This paper explores fishermen's knowledge on climate change perceptions and their climate change adaptation in response to the perceived impacts of climate change. A survey by interviewing randomly selected 90 marine capture fishermen was conducted in Bengkulu from March to June 2018. The results indicate that most fishermen understand climate change as a change of east and west monsoon that directly affect their fishing activities. In terms of climate change defined as a continuous change of temperature, humidity, and rainfall, most fishermen have no sufficient knowledge on climate change. The important adaptation strategies include diversification of household economic activities, augmenting of fishing gear, change the fishing ground, mobilization of family members to work, and fishing time adjustment.

Climate change that occurs in Indonesia can lead to the increase in urban areas temperature, which makes the forest's role to control the urban microclimate is important. Urban Forest in Jakarta adjacent to the settlement, hence it is important to determine the participation and perception of the surrounding community in urban forest management. The management consists of planning, maintenance, protection, utilization and monitoring. This study observed two urban forests, namely Rawa Malang and Srengseng Sawah, which are located separately from each other. The urban forest was divided into three clusters, i.e: one cluster located close to the urban forest and two other clusters located farther away from the urban forests. The purposes of this study are to analyze the spatial pattern of community participation in urban forest management and to describe the factors influence perception and participation. Questionnaires distributed to 180 respondent (90 respondent at each urban forest), and the data were analyze using Scoring System and regression. The result showed the participation of the society which is influenced by four variables. Community participation in urban forest management is not influenced by the level of community education, but by good urban forest conditions.

Medan is the third largest city in Indonesia. It is a lowland with topography tend to ramps and as an encounter place of two rivers namely Deli River and Babura River. Medan city is prone to flood because it is a downstream area traversed by those two rivers. According to the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the most frequent disaster in Medan City is a flood, which occurred almost every year over the last 10 years. Climate change has caused increasing frequency and intensity of rainfall in North Sumatra in recent years. It triggers the occurrence of floods. The purpose of this study was to determine the area which is vulnerable and prone to flood. The objectives are making a map of flood prone area and flood vulnerability map. The research is descriptive, which used Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis. GIS is used to produce disaster-prone maps by sequencing data such as slope, land use and landform. From the research above, it found that Medan City is generally a flood-prone area and has a high vulnerability for flooding. Medium and high flood-prone areas reach 95% of the entire area of Medan City. Meanwhile vulnerable areas are low and medium reaching 98%.

Climate change in Indonesia has led to soaring phenomena of extreme drought and floods, making it a formidable challenge for the sustainable water resources management, especially for the city of Jakarta. The increasing population and density of Jakarta have led to a higher demand of housing in the city. Many residents with low income are live in lands around river banks which often flooded. The present research has the objective to determine the spatial pattern of urban community capacity for water resource conservation in 4 different locations, based on the distance to the lake; and to find out how are the effects of collective action, community empowerment and shared vision on the community capacity in Lake Cavalio and Lake Kampung Bintaro. The data were analyzed using both analytical techniques of principal component analysis (PCA) and double linear regression analysis. The study shows that there are impact differences between the three variables on community capacity regarding lake conservation. However, those differences are not related to the distance from the lake. These results demonstrate differences in previous research, where community empowerment becomes the variable with the most significant effect. This finding describes that the construction of the lake can be an effective solution for the flood-affected communities, and the flood experience can build a similar perception and vision in the community.

Climate change requires adjustment, resilience, anticipation, coping with stress or changes to sustainable agricultural development in socioeconomic and biophysical systems. Climate change affects the plants, livestock and also the environment, thus a reactive adaptation by paddy farmers is necessary. A purposive sampling on 30 respondents who had accomplished the Climate field school (CFS) program in "Mandiri" and group of women farmers "Dalima". The study was conducted from October to November 2017 in Situ Gede sub-district, Bogor, Indonesia. This study used the descriptive analysis with frequency distribution table to describe the respondent distribution of each variable. The research objective is to describe the ability of farmers to adapt to climate change and to realize the sustainability of rice farming. The results obtained are the application of adaptation ability of paddy farmers to changes in rainfall patterns in the form of technical capabilities (knowledge), institutions, social capital, access to business capital is categorized medium, while the technical ability of adaptation (action) is high. Furthermore, the ability of farmers to adapt to the sustainability of socio-cultural lowland rice farming is high in assessing persistence and togetherness are important factors in farming success. The implication is that the technical adaptability of rice farmers will be high if the socio-cultural values and cooperation of rice farmers are maintained as in planning the timing of planting, harvesting and marketing.

The number of Green Open Space (GOS) in Jakarta has been decreased by 23% from 1983 to 2013. Currently, the area is only about 4.65% (3,080.89 ha) and still far from the public GOS target based on Act No. 26 the Year 2007 which targeted at least 20% of the Province area. The planning of green zone in Jakarta Spatial Planning 2020 is only about 11.7% (7,749.36 ha) of the total area. Based on the Local Regulation No. 1 the Year 2008 on Jakarta Mid Term Development Planning 2007-2012, Jakarta Capital City Government (JCCG) should create GOS Masterplan as a development guide of GOS to the future. The government has not completed the master plan yet. The government committed by lowering down the emission by 30% in 2030. The study aims to analyze the need for GOS Masterplan in Jakarta to increase both GOS's quality and quantity. The objective of this study is to investigate the planning document of GOS Masterplan. The method used by reviewing the GOS Masterplan according to Jakarta Spatial Planning 2030 in order to support Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction at 2030 for climate mitigation.

Climate change had changed the rainfall patterns and causing tomato plants to suffer from drought in a certain period. It affects the morphology and physiology characters of the plant, and thus these characters can be used as indicators to predict plant tolerance to drought. The study aimed to determine the relationship between several physiological characters with tomato yield under drought stress. The study was conducted using 7 lowland tomato cultivars, namely 'Zamrud', 'Permata F1', 'Mirah', 'Tombatu F1', 'Tyrana F1', 'Ratna' and 'Tymoti F1'. Drought was appliedby 8 days interval of watering. Relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll, and proline content were measured when the plant entered the maximum vegetative of growth stage. The results showed a high correlation (r > 0.6) between membrane stability index with fruit weight per plant; while the proline, chlorophyll and relative water contents resulted in low correlation (r < 0.5) with fruit weight. The membrane stability index was better in indicating the drought tolerance in tomato than other physiological characters

One of the major problems of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) is the unpreparedness of all types of infrastructure to the global climate change. The negative effects of climate change deal with impacts on ecosystems, environment, infrastructure, especially for the coastal zones, public health and traditional lifestyle of the local population. The positive effects including the decrease of the heating expenditures increased opportunities for agriculture and forestry, the extension of the navigation along the Northern Sea Route, as well as increased access to the marine living and mineral resources. The implementation of the programs for adaptation to global climate change and the increase in the efficiency of the state investment policy can significantly improve the key performance indicators of the AZRF. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the global climate change influence on the infrastructure development by means of scenario forecasts elaboration (using extrapolation, regression, heuristic methods etc.). The evaluation found the forecast of cargo transportation volume along the Northern sea route could be increased up to 109.7 million tons by the year 2030, according to the target scenario or it can reach 76.5 million tons according to the baseline scenario. The last one extrapolates the existing trends without considering the climate factor.

This study aims to review arbitration as a forum to settle the dispute in a case regarding the environment and climate change which possible to play the role of promoting conformity with the international climate change law. This issue arises from the fact that the international climate change law has entered the new phase. However, in regard to the substance point, this new instrument is bereft of a binding and coercive compliance system which makes the treaty is difficult to be implemented since there is no enforcement mechanism. Meanwhile, the number of disputes related to the environment and climate change have increased lately. The lacuna of law enforcement mechanism within the Paris Agreement will lead the new problems. The result of the research shows that arbitration as one of dispute settlement means becomes an alternative solution to address this matter. Arbitration has the role to create predictability and certainty so that this forum could be purposed to promote the compliance over the international climate change law. This is a normative legal research using secondary data, included primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data were collected using library research which subsequently adopts a legal interpretation method to analyze data.

This study aims to determine the tax incentive policy associated with the emission carbon crediting system in order to encourage the geothermal energy development for power generation. This research used qualitative approach with descriptive method. The data was obtained through literature study (secondary data). The results showed that tax incentive policy related to emission carbon crediting system to encourage the geothermal energy development for power plant currently is not optimal. Utilization of geothermal power for generators reduces CO₂ emission and saves fossil energy. Geothermal development supports mitigation on climate change by reducing the GHG emission. Providing tax incentives by considering emission carbon crediting system allows geothermal investments to grow to meet the electricity needs for the people.

Like other destinations in the Asia region, Surakarta's tourism policy is vulnerable to the impacts and implications of climate change. The city reliance on its culture and service product which is potentially under threat, coupled with the potential for changing consumer demand patterns, particularly in long-haul markets, should be concerning for the tourism. Yet, the tourism has been criticized for its short-term, profit orientation and lack of action regarding climate change, mainly on legal and policy perspectives. It is against this background that a qualitative study was undertaken with primary and secondary data of Surakarta's tourism policy to explore the legal perspectives on current challenges and future directions regarding climate change.

The Constitutional Court Number 35 (MK-35) in 2012 has changed the perspective of the customary forests recognition. Before the MK-35 decision, based on the Forestry Act No. 41 of 1999, customary forests are part of state forests so that the management of the customary forest is still under the state control. After the MK-35 decision, customary forests are revoked from state forests so that indigenous peoples have the right to manage and utilize their own customary forests. Problems arise that the customary forests recognition prior requires the indigenous people's recognition, and this process often takes up the long bureaucracy. The forest management policy in Indonesia itself has not been too siding with indigenous peoples. Tenurial conflicts and overlapped land permits that occur still put the indigenous peoples as victims. This study aims to review forest policy in Indonesia, especially in the concept of REDD+ conservation program and One Map Policy in Indonesia, and to what extent these policies are in favor of the sustainability of indigenous peoples' rights in Indonesia.

Most investors may not concern with the level of the second opinion of the green bond. In fact, there is a direct effect on these differences. However, the green level would affect the climate change issues directly. The objective of this paper is to propose a standardization of green bond's second opinion. This would ease the investors to see the differences in green bond levels. The research employed a qualitative method based on the second opinion of green bond reports from independent reviewers. The result showed that the standardization of green bond's second opinion may ease investors to see the green bond levels. This should affect the price level or image of the green bond itself. Issuers must increase green bond levels to get demands from investors in the future, which also affect climate change issues.

Although Pakistan is 135th ranked in rapports of greenhouse gases [GHG] emissions, but it sticks up at 16th position globally in the terms of vulnerability to climate change. Adverse impacts of climate change on Pakistan are expected to raise more. Thermal power plants running on fossil fuels are main producers of electricity; the most used form of energy in Pakistan. Climate change impacts and dependency on foreign petroleum has compelled the policymakers to seek out cheap, indigenous and renewable sources. In the present article, cogeneration system and its impact on the environment especially in climate change scenario has been analyzed. The required information was collected through literature survey, observations and interviews. Pakistan's national policy regarding the subject is weighed up from J-tariff in 1990 to present biomass cogeneration policy 2013 for the encouragement of cogeneration as a means of conserving energy. Surplus electricity can be consumed to meet the household-level demands and employment generation in rural areas. The paper will review the potential impact of cogeneration policy on climate changes in Pakistan. Moreover, there will also be looked at national cogeneration policy to achieve the future energy goals.

The upstream Ciliwung river areas are now mostly occupied by critical lands due to deforestation and can also be the response to climate change. This condition leads to disasters at the downstream, including Jakarta. Lots of government programs have been conducted to control the critical land, but the results are not visible. The failure of rehabilitation programs are suspected to be caused by some factors, one of the most prominent is access to the area where the government does not wholly own the control of land rights. On the other hand, the function of protected areas should be maintained. A management model that has been successfully implemented is by "Hutan Organik or Organic Forest" in Megamendung. This model is community participation with private forestry, whereas the main purpose is to recover the function of the area. By using desk study, a survey of an existing condition and in-depth interview, this paper has a purpose of studying the private forestry policy model for critical land rehabilitation in the upstream of the Ciliwung river. Organic forestry program shows the success of community participation in land rehabilitation and can be developed as an alternative model in reconstructing critical land at upstream in Indonesia.

This paper focuses on Indonesian government-driven initiative on critical forest and degraded land rehabilitation. We employ Governance System Analysis (GSA) to diagnose various efforts that have been made by various actors in affecting and managing the rehabilitation of critical forests and degraded land. This study uses Wonosobo District as a case study because it has the largest forest coverage in Central Java Province and has a relatively high amount of land with critical condition. The application of GSA suggests improvement in terms of connectivity to reduce strong segregation between authorities managing the forest and capacity of an involved participant in strategy formulation, implementation and monitoring, and evaluation. The study finds it difficult to locate such governance reforms in the major classification of climate change strategies, either mitigation or adaptation. The reform is neither directly reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases nor is an adjustment of the system to the changing of climatic patterns. In the absence of such governance reform, however, prospect to maximize the contribution of forest environmental services to combat climate change are constrained.

Climate change phenomenon, especially indicated by air temperature increase, affects the economic sector which becomes obstacles for industry productivity, including textile. According to the data from the Central Bureau of Statistics Republic of Indonesia in 2016, the growing production of the textile industry in Indonesia decreased by 7.65%. It also decreased the IT Co. Ltd productivity in recent years, especially at the weaving department. The weaving department occupied with high-temperature environment among the production processes, which can impact to the health and productivity of workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hot work climate to textile industry productivity from weaving section at IT Co Ltd. The research used the analytic observational designs with a cross-sectional study. The samples were 32 workers from totally 50 workers in the weaving department. The data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. The results of the hot work climate measurement show that 3 from 5 measurement points exceed NAB 29°C, and most of the workers are productive. Spearman's correlation test showed that hot work climate significantly correlated with productivity (p = 0.033) at the textile industry of IT Co. Ltd, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Coffee has become a leading commodity of several countries including Indonesia. Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producing country in the world after Colombia, Brazil and Vietnam, in which 96% of coffee plantations in Indonesia are smallholdings, with an average land ownership of 0.6 hectares per farmer. However, in recent years the volume of coffee production has decreased due to climate change. Climate change in Indonesia raises the phenomenon of El Nino and La Nina that causing erratic rainfall. Further, it has an impact on coffee production and the farmers' welfare. The purpose of this paper is to describe the effect of climate change on the welfare of coffee farmers in Indonesia. This paper is a compilation of several articles, journals, and books written by experts on coffee, climate change, and the welfare of coffee farmers. The results indicate that climate change is very influential on coffee production volume and quality of post-harvest. Production and post-harvest problems caused by climate change have an impact on coffee quality to decrease, which further affects the income and prosperity of coffee farmers in Indonesia.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of climate bonds used to mitigate climate change. Climate bonds are superior to green bonds as they are reviewed by the certified independent reviewer, while the green bonds are not. The research employed a qualitative approach with correlation test. The samples were all registered climate bonds. The results showed that climate bonds are dominantly based on USD and EUR currency, while the size is not related to the issuance period. Sectors for climate bond standards should be prepared well, due to many climate bonds have various characteristics.

Commonly, green sukuk is highly demanded by investors as it promotes green activities which give a good image for investors. This would support climate change issues. This paper's objective is to analyze the performance of green sukuk's price after the issuance date. During the offering period, most green sukuk was oversubscribed, which may implicate after the issuance. The method applied for this research was the descriptive method by comparing the prices' movement of green sukuk with another green bond after issuance and similar bond for benchmarking and correlation analysis. The result showed that since the condition during the offering period was oversubscribed, it does not necessarily correlate to the performance after issuance period of green sukuk. The decrease of Indonesian green sukuk prices are caused by macroeconomic factors hence the good image of green activities does not always attract investors directly. Climate change issues may not be the first consideration since investors may only seek for profit motive.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the critical indicators of conducting successful tourism event due to the climate variability and change namely; awareness and information sharing, policy and regulatory framework, added economic value, organizational setups, technical factors and effective communication. A number of 57 respondents from the Event Program at the Universiti Utara Malaysia had participated in the study and the findings indicated that majority of them had conducted less than three event programs in a year. Additionally, most of them also had experienced of less than a year in managing an event. Overall, the findings of the study highlighted that majority of the respondents considered all the six indicators as the critical indicators which must be given serious attention when conducting tourism event due to the climate variability and change particularly the effective communication and the policy and regulatory framework. The outcome of the study would significantly contribute to better understanding regarding the critical indicators. Hence, it is important for the event organizer to take into consideration these indicators during the climate variability and change based on the fact that these indicators would determine the success of the tourism event.

This study aims to identify the north Java coastal areas that are affected by abrasion, to presents the result in a map, and to calculate the level of socio-economic vulnerability of people in the north Java coastal areas. Abrasion in the coastal area is an impact of the uprising will affect sea level. This condition will threaten the coastal communities' life. The research methods were geographical information system (GIS), Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). GIS needed to determine the characteristics of areas with bad climate condition. GIS basically is a special type of information system that considers the representation and manipulation of geographical realty. LVI consists of seven main components to calculate the vulnerability level. CBA used to formulate policy scenario. People in the north Java coastal areas have a high level of socio-economy vulnerability. Mitigation on abrasion needs community awareness, both of people who live there and people who sale along the beach. The government also has a responsibility to mitigate the impact of abrasion in coastal areas.

Rice farming is still dominant in supplying food needs in Indonesia, so drought or flood will impact on food security. Rice farmers as the main actors are heavily impacted by climate change risks through the increasing difficulties of farming development. Therefore, there should be a protection program for farmers from the negative impacts of climate change. Agricultural insurance is one form of adaptation to the impact of climate change that is potentially developed in Indonesia and began to be initiated since 2015 by the Indonesian government through the policy, called Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi (AUTP) in Indonesian. This study aims to determine the factors that affect farmers' participation in the insurance program, by analyzing the farmer's willingness to pay (WTP) using logistic regression. Data were collected from Karawang Regency, West Java which contributes to the national rice demand of 865,000 tons per year. This study found that significant factors influencing farmer's decision to participate in the crop insurance program were farm size, land status, farmer's income, and expenditure, also the value of WTP Bid.

The future agricultural sector is required not only to maximize the management of natural resources but also to manage human resources as the main actors driving and maintaining its existence amid the decreasing interest of the young generation in the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector is prone to high uncertainty due to global climate change. This research sought to identify young generation's perception on the agricultural sector. This study was a descriptive research using survey on 120 farmers' children (called as Taruna Tani) in Sragen Regency, Indonesia with direct interview through questionnaires as primary data. The results showed that most youths had fairly good perceptions in terms of income, social status, and work convenience in the agricultural sector, but not in terms of career development and warranty of future life. The youth concerned with the lack of careers and warranty of future life if they work in the agricultural sector. However, today's young generations are very potential to be prepared for being the human resources to develop agricultural development in the future. Therefore, some efforts are needed to encourage the youths to work in the agricultural sector through socializing and educating them about agriculture and introducing technology and cultivation innovations to anticipate the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector.

The knowledge of climate change is essential. Understanding about the causes, consequences, and also solutions is one of the main keys of knowing how far the students care about climate change issues. This research aimed to identify the middle school students' knowledge of climate change in Boyolali district, Indonesia. The sampling technique was stratified random sampling by classifying the district. The district is classified into the urban fringe zone, urban-rural fringe zone, and rural-urban fringe zone. The sample of school was taken from each zone and the number of students is selected purposively. The data were collecting using questionnaire with parameters including the knowledge of the climate system, causes, consequences and solutions of global warming, contextual knowledge about human-caused, and practical knowledge about global warming. The result showed that students who attend school in the urban area have a higher understanding of global warming than who attend school in the rural area. 96% of students believe that global warming is happening and 35% of students understand that global warming is caused mostly by human activities.

Poverty is essentially an economic inability to meet the basic food and non-food needs (housing, clothing, education and health). The vulnerability of natural, agro-climate and geographical conditions in which are not suitable for agricultural economic activities, the income of farm community in the karst mountains region is very small. One of the popular dryland karst mountains regions in Java is Gunungkidul that lately has very volatile rainfall and experienced extreme climate changes due to the tropical cyclone. Most farm households are in pre-prosperous condition. The effects of climate change are further exacerbating the conditions of the farm community. In order to overcome the poverty of the dryland farm community in the karst mountains, an appropriate poverty reduction system that comprehensive and easy to implement is necessary. Furthermore, this study aims to design a poverty alleviation system for dryland farm community in the karst mountain region by using focused group discussion (FGD) of farmers, agribusiness actors, government and academic. Mapping problems and solutions were done by classifying field data in the form of minutes and FGD transcripts into a diagram figure. The FGD was focused on the Triple Helix concept which became the basis for designing poverty alleviation systems. The result showed that lack of water is the main problem for the farm community in Gunungkidul. The collaboration among the farm community, government and academic becomes an alternative poverty alleviation system in the study area. In addition, it may implement the integrated farming of plant and livestock with a conservation model based on appropriate innovation technology.

Pieh Islands located at the Western Sumatra is one of the most affected areas by massive coral bleaching during 2015-2016. The persistence warming or cooling of sea surface temperature due to regional climate phenomena such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) put the coral reef into stress condition leading into coral bleaching. However, corals have an ability to recover from such bleaching condition into normal state by reducing its stressors. A suitable oceanographic condition such as normal range of temperature and salinity, low nutrient concentration, and low sedimentation rate could support corals recovery process. This study aims to understand the variability of the ocean and atmospheric data and its role in coral reef recovery. Data gained from in situ measurements of water quality at Pieh Marine Conservation Area (PMCA) on June 2018. Several historical ocean-atmospheric data were collected to analyze their temporal variability. It is confirmed that the bleaching event was caused by positive IOD and El Niño condition in 2015-2016. However, there is the sign of coral reef recovery during 2017-2018 which is suggested due to the relatively normal condition of the ocean and atmospheric parameters in Pieh Islands.

The vulnerability is a sequence of conditions that determine whether a hazard will lead to disaster or not. Small islands easily affected by climate change, which promotes extreme waves, sea level rise, rob floods, and other disasters. The limited area of the small islands requires integrated and sustainable management. Harapan and Kelapa Islands are some of the vulnerable islands that susceptible to climate change. The problem in this research is the lack of spatial arrangement of small islands region based on climate change adaptation. This study aims to create a model of land use for spatial arrangement of small islands, especially the land area in terms of changes in land use. The methods used in this study were analysis of land use change, analysis of climate change impacts on social, economic, and environmental conditions, and predict future land use scenarios using spatial modeling. The results showed that with increasing population growth, rising sea levels, rising temperatures and salinity, and erratic rainfall patterns, land requirements for settlements increased. The conclusion of this study is the additional area in Harapan and Kelapa islands should restrict, so the mitigation and adaptation due to the impact of climate change can be done well and the risk of disasters becomes small.