Table of contents

Preface

This volume of the proceedings collects the papers accepted for publication and presentation on 2019 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science held in Seoul, South Korea on January 26-29, 2019. With the successful experience of the last two years in Thammasat University, Thailand and University of Malaya, Malaysia, ICEES 2019 achieved a success and provide a better platform for all the participants.

The goal of ICEES is to discuss the latest research and results of scientists and engineers from academic side and industrial side related to energy and environmental science topics. ICEES2019 had submissions from 19 countries and regions including Kuwait, Thailand, UK, Saudi, Arabia, China, Malaysia, Viet Nam, Taiwan, Indonesia, Poland, India, Pakistan, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan, Philippines, Germany, and Denmark, and accepted 51 high quality papers related to energy engineering, environmental quality monitoring and protection, power system and power generation technology, environmental and ecological engineering, environment and urban construction, clean energy and renewable energy and so on. All the papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers.

List of Conference Chairs, Program Chairs and Technical Committees are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

During the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, the local government implemented a series of emission control measures. Fixed-effect model and generalized additive model were conducted to evaluate the association between control measures and health benefits. Daily non-accidental mortality decreased from 71 deaths per day before taking control measures to 61 during the under-control period. Interim measures reduced SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10 by 6.63%, 12.96%, 8.72% and 10.30%, while comprehensive measures further reduced pollutants by 12.19%, 8.89%, 25.05% and 30.86%. A μg/m3 decrease in SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10 was associated with decreases in all-cause mortality of 2.91%(95%CI:1.57%,4.24%), 1.36%(95%CI:0.62%,2.11%), 0.55%(95%CI:0.23%,0.87%) and 0.39%(95%CI: 0.15%,0.62%). According to the calculation, the game specifically reduced about 1000 acute deaths from all cause and produced about 500 million USD of benefits, demonstrating a statistically significant association between air quality controls and health benefits. The result also shows that relevant controls to deal with NO2 and PM should be taken more stringently in heavily polluted cities.

PM2.5 is inhalable particulate with a diameter less than 2.5 μM that easily enters the lungs and causes diseases and non-accidental death. The generation and dissipation of PM2.5 are strongly affected by a variety of environmental factors, thus the concentration of PM2.5 is presumably predictable with the observations of environmental conditions. This paper used multi-year meteorological and PM2.5 concentration data across multiple megacities in China (Beijing, Chengdu, and Shenyang) and sought for a universal predictive model. Our results showed that data-driven machine-learning model was able to not only capture PM2.5 dynamics at the city where the model was trained but also could be generalized to predict PM2.5 concentrations over other cities. Therefore, the modeling results indicated a universally existing predictive relationship between PM2.5 source-sink dynamics and the environmental drivers.

A participatory approach is well-known for its time-consuming and no-instant approach. Tackling environmental pollution directly from its source in an urban area by participatory approach is very critical. Universitas Indonesia's Community Engagement Program together with the City Without Slum or Kotaku Program in South Tangerang City, Banten Province, Indonesia, conducted in Kampung Nambo. This joint program carried out in two lines through the local government and the community by a bottom-up approach. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood involved through a charrette process. The outcome of the charrette is the guideline of the new master plan development of Kampung Nambo that responding to tackling the pollution created in the kampung. This master plan will use as a parameter for the Kampung Nambo development program. A team of experts that consists of the local government, the university scholars, the NGO, and the inhabitants joined together for the implementation plan under the intensive and an interactive designated workshop. It concluded that this approach is valuable to integrate the unplanned urban areas development, which happened quite vast in some Indonesian cities and towns. Thus, it helps to reduce the urgency of environmental degradation in the kampung, through awareness and educational campaign. This approach is challenging yet it is a long-term investment.

Following a phase of early prosperity, Taiwan's urban centers have slowly declined, resulting in the hollowing-out of business districts and declining populations, and prompting widespread interest in urban redevelopment. To improve the quality of urban environments, not least in terms of disaster prevention, the central government's urban-renewal policy is aimed at re-inspiring local development via the introduction of funds and dynamism from the private sector. However, progress has been slow because potential private-sector partners tend to measure projects' merit and performance chiefly in financial terms, and the economic value of urban renewal remains notoriously difficult to quantify. Accordingly, this study proposes a complete economic-value framework for urban renewal in Taiwan through secondary-data methods. Specifically, this framework consists of three facets and six factors, of which the land-use value facet (comprising the land and real-estate value factors) relates to the strength of the local economy; the energy-conservation value facet's two factors are energy-use and carbon-emissions reductions; and the disaster-prevention value facet consists of reducing the likelihood of disasters, and reducing their impact.

Indoor Air quality inspection is an important environmental assessment work before the newly decorated space is open to use. Air quality is a dynamic factor affecting environmental health. It mainly evaluates the concentration of harmful volatile gases such as formaldehyde (HCHO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, and the concentration of dust and other indicators. The release of these harmful substances changes with the physical factors of the environment that many studies focus on and explore the complex correlations among them. But as a user in the environment, does the behaviour also affect the air quality? In view of this, the study takes the Master's Research Office of Chaoyang University of Technology in Taichung as an example and tries to explore if the release of formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has any correlation with the cognitive and behavioural activities of people in their environment. In addition to the measurement of the concentration of formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the established conditions in the process of the study, the questionnaire survey was used to know the subject's cognition of the environment, such as the freshness of the air, the ventilation of the space, etc. Through statistical analyses, However, the results showed that there were no significant differences in environmental cognition between the before and after measurements. The results also revealed that there were no change of having bad psychological feeling and only a slight change of having bad physiological feeling between the before and after measurements. The study concludes that the assessment of indoor air quality needs to be based on consideration of people's perceptions of the environment and behavioural activities, not just the level of harmful substances in the air. Through the cognition of the environment and the effective intervention in the behaviour process, the harm caused by the air quality problem to the health of the human being can be alleviated to some extent.

The construction of Sponge City (SPC) in China has caused a huge social transformation, and the application of its core low-impact development facilities (LIDs) has changed the lives of residents from the details. Controlling runoff water quantity and its water quality are the two main objectives of low impact development measures. This paper discusses the results of water quality testing, comparing content changes of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) measured from water samples collected from the same LID facilities established by LCTIP three times a month during 2018 the local rainy season. The values changes of various pollutants from sampling points to the outlet show that the water quality of after LID facilities is close to the state of natural rain before development. The water purification effect of the LID facility was verified. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that more factors will have an impact on water quality. Therefore, the limitations of current knowledge and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

Protected areas, nature reserves and national parks in Vietnam, has considered foot patrols under traditional law enforcement with local forest guard (LFG). The participant between LFG and rangers in protected areas has been applied as commons way of patrolling on forest protection. However, very few studies have considered the contribution of LFG performance of patrolling activity with GPS-based monitoring system from Nam Tien forest station (FS), Pu Hu nature reserve (NR). Through the contribution of the monthly report was collected and the reliability of patrol data was analyzed in the central office. This study explores that the number of LFG was affected by the distance and patrol hours in the working field (P < 0.01). It could also be reducing the rangers' law enforcement if the limitation of LHG's performance was considerably significant. Admittedly, the illegal activity might be declined by ranger's efforts in term of patrolling activity. This study highlights the importance of LFG performance for protected area management was related to the efficacy of conservation targets.

Amid rapid global economic development and the threat of global warming, green transportation and related issues have risen to prominence in various countries. In Taiwan in_2009, Taichung was selected as a low-carbon demonstration city, in which energy conservation and carbon reduction would be actively promoted, with the wider aim of developing a green economy and lifestyle. This study explores the carbon-reduction benefits of the MRT elevated railway in the Taichung Metropolitan Area. The railway's construction has been associated with intensive redevelopment of existing stations, but this process has been unbalanced due to railway physical. Five new stations will also be added, and belt-like spaces at ground level made available for housing and other non-railway-related purposes. Utilizing literature collection and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) research method to explore the factors affecting the efficiency of the MRT, this study reveals that the AHP weights of the main criteria for the escalation of MRT development in Taichung are 0.5833 for green transportation and 0.4167 for green environment; while in the overall ranking of the sub-criteria, the top three evaluation factors are mass transportation (0.31337), greenery planting (0.21832), and green building (0.19444).

The recent global trend in lifestyle change, alter in economic and human civilization growth has a dramatic increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation that led to a renewed interest in researches and innovations in this context. A primary objective of the study is to identify influencing factors in term of MSW from different standpoints hiring tangible and non-tangible cause and effect theory to foster sustainability through an exhaustive decision-making model and strategy. Explicitly, this research effort breakdown a business model into manageable chunks to address how to systematically manage MSW; and which tools and techniques should be efficaciously applied to adapt each step of the process. Decidedly, an inclusive strategy and model can be demonstrated with a real-world application with some significant implications for future practice as a multilateral planning and design reference for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the context of MSW management. Therefore, in a general term, the outlook of this study is based on the evolution of the state of the art of a novel model for MSW management based on multi-oriented approach, comprises technical, social, environmental, institutional, business, management, policy, and cultural factors.

The objective of this study was investigated the potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) to produce refuse-derived fuel from Bangkok municipality. The composition, heating value and proximately content were analyzed. The amount of MSW in Bangkok generated was approximately 4.86 million tons or 13,327 tons/day in 2017. About 79.5% was disposed by landfill and 20.5% was recycled. The compositions of MSW were biodegradable (49.58%), combustible (36.32%) and non-combustible (14.10%) wastes. Moisture content was 59.5±8.6% (as received), volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash were 72.4±3.2%, 8.2±0.5% and 19.4±0.5% (as dry basis), respectively. Heating value was 20.03±0.52 MJ/kg. These results indicated that MSW from Bangkok municipality is potential to produce the refuse-derived fuel. To reduce the environmental impacts as well as energy recovery, the MSW might be alternative sources of renewable energy in the future.

With an over growing problem of plastic waste accumulation, Kuwait faces a serious threat to its natural resources. Latest estimates show that plastic solid waste (PSW) is generated at an alarming rate of over 200 ktpa, making up over 16% of the total municipal waste load. In this paper, the standards test method of ASTM D 5988-12 for determining the degree and rate of biodegradation of plastics in contact with soil was applied to three commercial plastic products sourced locally. The plastic samples are claimed to be of biodegradable nature by the manufacturer and the converter. The test method was applied in situ using analytical desiccators and have proven to be a good indicator to biodegradable measurements. In addition to technical control and reference tests, the test method was also applied on the natural soil secured from the field simulating the largest operating landfill site. The test has proven to be reliable and has produced repeatable results. The biodegradation extent was noted to be very rapid and can be described by comparison to other works as accelerated. This was attributed to both what is described by this work as external and internal factors of the polymer-soil matrix. The former can be noted as environment and soil characteristics, pH level and presence of contaminants in the biota. On the other hand, the latter can be described as type of soil (mixture) ratio, polymer surface area and carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution kinetics which were noted to be of a first order with respect to biodegradation time and dissolution.

With rapidly increasing production and installation, recycling of PV modules has become the main issue. In this study, we developed the application to recover the tempered glass from panels and remove Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) from PV cells. The processes divided into two parts, organic solvents soaking and thermal treatment. In the organic solvents process, this study soaked PV modules into organic solvents to dissolve EVA resin and recover tempered glass. In the thermal treatment, this study removed EVA resin remaining on the PV cell. This study can comprehensively recover tempered glass and remove 99.97% EVA resin from PV cell. Moreover, it can contribute to not only subsequent leaching processes but also the environment and humankind health.

Dyes are widely used in various industries. It is significant to remove dye from wastewater before discharge. Adsorption onto activated carbon is more than beneficial than the other traditional methods as a result of its high adsorption capacity for coloured particle. The main objective of this study is to prepare activated carbon from elephant dung (EDAC). The adsorption performance of EDAC was studied by conducting batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption data are correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich under various conditions methylene blue (MB) concentration and contact time. The optimum dosage of EDAC was found to be 100 mg. EDAC adsorption was fitted with Langmuir model. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 18.98 mg/g. A dimensionless separation factor (R_L) indicated a favourable adsorption of MB onto EDAC. The study indicates that EDAC could be employed as a cost-effective alternative adsorbent for removing MB from wastewater streams. EDAC also was cheap, more eco-friendly and effective waste utilization.

Low salinity water flooding is one of the emerging enhanced oil recovery technologies as it has been proven economical and environmentally friendly. However, the recovery mechanism of low salinity water (LSW) is still under debatable due to the complex effect of low salinity water and its ionic compositions. Therefore, this study aims to discover the optimum seawater dilution salinity and influence of single and binary ionic compounds low salinity water on wettability alteration of carbonate core slices at optimum salinity. To achieve that, a modified Design of Experiments (DOE) has been implemented. Contact angle measurement was carried out to characterize the wettability of core slices at 0 hour, after 24 hours and after 48 hours. The results revealed that dilution of seawater reduced the contact angle of carbonate core slices towards more water wet until the optimum salinity of 1750ppm. Further dilution to 700ppm only shown a slight impact in shifting the wettability of the carbonate slices towards more water wet. In single ionic compound LSW, MgCl₂ showed the greatest ability in altering wettability. In binary ionic compounds LSW, it was found out that MgCl₂ mixed with ionic compounds containing monovalent ion is more effective in altering contact angle than MgCL₂ mixed with ionic compounds containing divalent ion which serve as a new finding in current low salinity water study on carbonate rocks.

Marine growth is a common problem for a near coastal marine vessel including composite fiberglass boat. Natural antifouling coating for composite fiberglass hulls towards efficient, cleanliness, sustainability and greener oceans are crucial especially in near coastal area. Antifouling performance of commercial and natural lemon biocide were analyzed by referring to ASTM 3623 – 78a for 30 days in seawater. Both commercial and natural biocide coating shows no marine growth occur within 30days of immersion due to good interaction between biocide and gelcoat. Natural biocide with 6% concentration observed similar performance as 4% commercial biocide, thus it shows lemon has a great potential of lemon as new natural biocide in marine antifouling paint.

Climate change, particularly global warming, is significantly affected by atmospheric CO₂ dynamics. Plant photosynthesis is capable of fixing a large amount of airborne CO₂ and converts it into vegetation biomass and thus alleviates the greenhouse effect from atmospheric CO₂. However, how climate change and climate condition impact the dynamics of plant photosynthesis is still highly uncertain. Here we combined high frequency land surface measurements of photosynthetic CO₂ fixation data and information theory to understand the casual relationship from climate drivers on the photosynthesis rate. We found that temperature and shortwave radiation dominated photosynthesis more at forest site, while precipitation dominated photosynthesis more at grass land site. More importantly, linear regression based analysis failed to identify such relationships, which confirmed the important role of information theory in identifying nonlinear relationship within a complex system.

Adjustments in global industrial structure accompanied with urbanization, lead in result of derelict sites and lands initiated as manufacturing and production industrial. In which underlies not only creation waste in resource and energy, contaminated soil, damaged ecosystem, urban landscape changed, but also inhibits urban persistent development. Under the extensive aegis of environmental protection, people are highly attentive on brownfield impacts from surrounded life sphere; In Taiwan spatial reutilizing planning approaches are the mainly impetus for brownfield redevelopment programs, having very little or no incorporation on ecological methodology rehabilitation into the program. In this paper, we will elaborate the possibilities of sustainable development for brownfield redevelopment utilizing ecological restoration methodology in 1. preserving the industrial asset, in the meantime restored the ecological urban environment, 2. Initiate a structure framework suitable for brownfield's (industrial sites) ecosystem redevelopment evaluation indicator to maximize the value of brownfield in spatial & urban planning.

Sustainable environment development has become a global and popular issue. In Taiwan, regardless of public authorities or private organizations, departments often promote green buildings, green campus and other practices according based upon different sustainable plans. In 2007, the Ministry of Education promoted the green universities and formally launched the Green University Development program. Subsequently, in 2009, 13 schools jointly signed "The Tallories Declaration" to promote the sustainable work of the Green University. Up to 2018, eight universities have entered the ranks of the world's largest green universities. For finding better sustainable development strategies to improve the Green university evaluation and environmental benefits, this study analyzes the current situation of the Green University in Taiwan and presents a trend analysis of the development of Green University assessment indicators in Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT) over the years. Finally, through the analysis, the study proposes the concrete strategies for achieving green university's requirement, and proposes the key strategies of further achieving sustainable energy saving of green campus for Chaoyang University of Technology.

Amid rapid urban growth, the inhabitants of Taiwan's 'concrete jungles' have tended to neglect the protection of natural resources, and to engage in activities that emit large amounts of carbon dioxide. The urban heat island effect also remains a serious problem, only partially addressed by urban green spaces created or protected via intergovernmental urban planning. Nevertheless, Taiwan's cities still contain many small areas of wasteland – both the sites of demolished buildings, and former green spaces that have been allowed to die off. If transformed into urban gardens and/or farms, this waste ground could meet the public's need for additional green spaces and experiences, and help to gradually improve their quality of life. Plans and mechanisms to that effect have existed since 1990, and Taipei City was the first place in Taiwan where farmers provided land for urban dwellers to cultivate. However, due to insufficient governmental support, the operation and management of such initiatives has been largely ineffectual, and thus their development has not been sustainable. Therefore, this paper uses Dongguang Green Garden Road in Taichung as a case study of this sustainable-development bottleneck, with the wider aim of increasing the quantity and quality of urban agricultural gardens in Taiwan and beyond.

Agriculture in Taiwan is facing challenges of issues related to industrial pollution, ground subsidence, agricultural safety as well as rural regeneration. Yunlin County has among the highest output of agricultural products in Taiwan. To achieve "Taiwan agricultural technology corridor" policy, Yunlin County promoted sustainable development model for creative water and energy saving agriculture and low-carbon environment by hosted the 2013 "Agricultural Expo." Jianguo military dependents' village, located nearby the Agricultural Expo Ecological Park, is the representative agricultural military dependents' village in Taiwan which is evaluated to be redeveloped. Previous studies approved sustainable development was benefited with residents. Relative literatures indicated that imported brought positive effects for local redevelopment. This study, therefore, reviews the relevant literature on eco-village, and proposes a redevelopment strategies framework for eco-village based on that review and a two-stage questionnaire administered to experts. The first stage utilized the Fuzzy Delphi Method, which focuses on impact factors, and the second, the Analytical Network Process Method, deals with performance factors. The results indicate that the key impacts on the ecovillage redevelopment strategies for Jianguo military dependents' village were (2.1) water and energy efficiency, (2.2) community symbiosis, and (2.3) cultural preservation. Water recycle, energy saving, and agricultural technology are the most important criteria for eco-village redevelopment strategies of Jianguo military dependents' village.

The Liuchuan River is an urban river in Taichung City of Taiwan. It was been affected by the pollution of domestic sewage and commercial wastewater for many years, resulting in the degeneration of water quality in rivers. Because of the hard bank revetment along the coast, the urban blue ribbon are unable to interact with residents. In order to improve water quality pollution and waterway environment, the Taichung Water Resources Bureau prioritizes water quality improvement. Under the goal of ensuring flood control and drainage, it actively diversifies the waterway space to enhance the city's local culture and life value. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement of water quality through the discussion of low-impact development engineering remediation projects. The water permeability of the riverbank before repair is almost 0%. After the improvement, the water permeability is increased by 50%, the green area is increased by 3,322 square meters, and the water quality RPI index is reduced from 7.25 "serious pollution" to 5. "moderately pollution". This result shows that the Liuchuan River remediation project has successfully improved the water quality and river channel. Re-injecting green elements to create a hydrophilic environment for urban blue-green belts, improving the quality of residents' living environment, and promoting the benefits of surrounding businesses and tourism.

Presented research focused on the development of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow caverns in a salt mine. The research was carried out for the Wieliczka Salt Mine, which is registered on the UNESCO list and visited by near around 2 million tourists every year. The main assumption of the investigation was to estimate root cause of sinkhole occurrence on the surface. Based on the arch pressure theory the vertical stress in the roof of salt caverns was established. Constructed three-dimensional model of underground mine allowed to determine the stresses between the caverns. Furthermore, the caverns which were hazarded by roof collapse were indicated. Hybrid solution was supported by multicriteria risk analysis based on Analytic Hierarchy Process carried out in Geographical Information System. Spatial analysis led to the identification of caverns potentially influenced by other risk factors. Developed final risk maps were based on four the most significant risk factors leading to sinkhole occurrence. Vulnerability maps developed with support of Analytic Hierarchy Process indicated areas where habitants and infrastructure are exposed to sinkhole occurrence. Merging risk maps with vulnerability maps led to final hazard map, where urban areas susceptible to sinkhole occurrence were shown. In conclusion, the research carried out proved that combined spatial analysis with theoretical solution may pave the way for reliable sinkhole risk assessment above shallow caverns.

Using Global Land30 standard product as data source, combined with CA-Markov model to quantitatively study the land use evolution of Pyongyang municipality in North Korea from 2000 to 2010 and simulate the land use situation of the region in 2020, the research found: (1) From 2000 to 2010, the area of forest land and bare land in Pyongyang was greatly reduced, and the cultivated land, grassland, water body and artificial surface increased to varying degrees, and the expansion of cultivated land area was the most significant. (2) In the first decade of 21st Century, the comprehensive utilization of land use in Pyongyang increased, the information entropy declined weakly, and the land use system remained in a stable and orderly state. (3) In 2020, cultivated land in Pyongyang is still the main type of land use, but the area will be significantly reduced, and the artificial surface will continue to expand, becoming the main land area for area transfer. (4) The land use change in Pyongyang is mainly driven by the three aspects of consumer demand, economic benefits and government decision-making. With the development of society, the influence of economic interests will become more and more prominent.

As the growing concerns of global warming, carbon footprint of a product becomes an important designing criterion. In recent years, the issue of product carbon emission has been extensively studied and most research focus on the computing method, life cycle assessment and optimized design of single category product. However, a lack of versatility in these existing research programs make them difficult to be applied in other product. Furthermore, in many cases, target customers are not concerned about carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of the product and full-cycle calculations of carbon emissions make no sense. To fill this gap, a service mode to provide quantification of carbon footprint for mechanical products is presented in this work. The multi-scale and full-direction system, which is based on process chain employing multiple scale task model is proposed to meet the different carbon footprint requirements, and then encapsulate it as a service to the user.

Low pressure economizer is an important equipment to reduce exhaust gas temperature and recover waste heat of flue gas in power plants. In this paper, the welded plate heat exchanger is applied to the field of low pressure economizer. The waste heat of coal slag and flue gas is utilized comprehensively to raise the boiler feed water temperature and reduce coal consumption. The thermal economy of plate economizer and finned tube economizer is analyzed by the equivalent enthalpy drop method. The results show that the plate economizer has obvious advantages under the same pressure drop and heat load. Compared with the finned tube economizer, the heat transfer coefficient the of the plate economizer increases by more than 50%, and the volume decreases by about 2/3. After installing the slag cooler, the heat consumption rate decreases by 119.7 KJ/kWh, and the coal consumption decreases by 4.68 g/kWh.

This study investigated application of photovoltaic (PV) panels for office building. Bandung, Indonesia is chosen as case study due to its hot and humid climate. To conduct this study, first, site selection was evaluated, followed by load evaluation using standard requirement for energy-efficient office building. Then, design and size of the system was defined. Feasibility of this study was evaluated from technical and economic indicators, i.e. energy delivered, energy export and import to the grid, yearly savings, and payback period. Simulation of this study was performed with various scenarios on the design electricity load. This study shows that solar PV panels are feasible to be installed in flat roofs and western façade. With 365 m² of solar panel in total, it can generate 66 MWh electricity per year. If PV provide electricity for lighting inside the building, the payback period is 12 years. This payback period become faster, i.e. 6.24 years, if all the electricity is sold to the grid.

A multi-criteria analysis to determine the most suitable renewable energy technology in Tokyo, Japan, is presented in this study. Several criteria have been considered for the analysis including technical, social, economic, and environmental. Sensitivity analysis has been done to check the solidity of the data used in the analysis. The results show that the solar photovoltaic technology is preferred in Tokyo, followed by wind and biomass energy.

Renewable energy technology such as solar thermal, PV, and wind have been developed to be building integrated. This exercise is aimed to sizing those three renewable energy systems for a typical house in the UK, specifically Liverpool. The methodologies used in this exercise are load evaluation, resource assessment, and finally sizing the systems. The results from all of sizing calculation show that there will be 6 evacuated tube collectors with 6m2 area, 14 PV modules with 20.7 m2 area, and 1 wind turbine with 2.5 rotor diameter. The renewable energy systems for electricity sized are predicted to cover 78.47% of the electricity load with PV contribution as many as 54.5% and the rest 24% is covered by wind turbine.

There is widespread popular support for using renewable energy, particularly solar and wind energy, which provide electricity without giving rise to any carbon dioxide emissions. Harnessing these for electricity depends on the cost and efficiency of the technology, which is constantly improving, thus reducing costs per peak kilowatt, and per kWh. Utilizing solar and wind-generated electricity in a stand-alone system requires corresponding battery or other storage capacity. The possibility of large-scale use of hydrogen in the future as a transport fuel increases the potential for both renewables and base-load electricity supply.

Accounting for the government's intention towards sustainable energy development and the deployment of Malaysia's first smart grid system, inclusive participation of residential units will transform their role from consumers to prosumers, enabling them to become "positive nodes" of the smart grid system. This paper evaluates the simulation output of a grid displaced electricity demand of a significant terrace-based housing cohort in Malaysia. Utilising Integrated Environmental Solution Virtual Environment (IESVE) as the simulation tool, solar panel retrofitted to the existing terrace houses in urban centres across peninsular Malaysia is investigated in order to identify its potential to displace current grid electricity demand, consequently shaving peak demand and reduced household's 's electricity bill.

Appliances energy consumption plays an increasingly important role in the overall building electric energy consumption and its temporal trending. However, predicting appliances energy consumption is complicated by lack of causal understanding of the appliances energy use as well as too many potential predictors that might be relevant to the appliances energy use. In this study, we apply information theory and advance machine learning neural network technique to first rank the importance of potential drivers that dominate appliances energy consumption and secondly model the temporal evolution of appliances energy consumption with a restricted set of environmental predictors. Our results showed that temperature and humidity were the two most important environmental drivers in the house appliances energy consumption modeling. Furthermore, using those environmental drivers, the machine learning model was able to accurately capture the temporal dynamics of appliances energy consumption.

The growth of economic has been a determinant factor increasing the volume of greenhouse gases, particularly CO² emissions. To provide appropriate measures to control CO²emission, it is necessary to address how such factors as population and economic growth impact the emission of carbon dioxide in any developing country. However, the answer to what are the key factors or whether these factors have jointly impacted on CO² emissions has been debated so far. This paper chooses five main factors, including economic growth, population growth, energy consumption, age structure and urbanization as independent variables for multiple regression model to analyse the relationship between these variables to CO² emission variable in 133 countries. The result shows that all these factors jointly impacted on CO²emissions energy use and demographic factors should be controlled due to the highest contribution to the level of CO². The research findings are expected to shed a light on those countries policy making in coping with climate change.

Public universities in Malaysia are challenged with the issue of energy wastage due to improper energy audit on the energy performance. The wastage of energy occured due to the lack of awareness between students and staff, and limited particular guidelines for the management to improve the situation. Effort need to be made in retrofitting the buildings, to make it more energy self – sufficient, that leads to energy saving and improve the building's energy performance. The aim of this research is to improve the energy performance in an existing university building with the adaptation of Building Information Modelling (BIM). This paper will review on the energy performance process based on actual condition of an existing university building with the adoption of BIM based on previous researchers. It will identified the potential strength and weakness of applying BIM through energy performance process. The outcome of this paper will be used to integrate BIM in retrofitting the existing university building in order to improve energy performance. Furtheremore, it will help the facilities management in university to gain more accurate energy usage during the maintenance work.

This paper aims to quantify the biomass energy potential from agriculture, analyze composition and explore evolutionary trend based on the data of 31 Chinese provinces from 1993 to 2016. The results show that: (1) China's biomass energy potential from agriculture increased from 139.42 million metric tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) in 1993 to 196.51 Mtce in 2016, with an average annual growth of 1.57% during the 24-yr period; (2) In terms of resource composition, biomass energy potential from agriculture mainly derived from the straws of rice, wheat and maize that were as high as 60.97% in all different kinds of biomass energy; (3) In terms of evolutionary trend, the biomass energy potential from agriculture displayed an increasing trend, but disparities among the provinces began widening gradually.

Solar electrification is a significant solution for supplying electricity at the evacuation centre during power shortage or blackouts in a flood disaster situation. However, it is a challenge to connect this technology to the local communities, especially for the rural people due to the limited accessibility of the technology. Strong support from the Government is needed in disseminating this technology for the locals, especially during a flood disaster where victims need the power aid relief during the power interruption. By using solar technology, the power can be generated and stored ahead of time at the flood relief centre. This paper will investigate on the perception of rural communities in Malaysia; focusing FELDA communities, in connecting the solar electrification during a flood disaster. The significant approaches for connecting FELDA communities with solar electrification need to be explored strategically. In order to investigate the acceptance of FELDA communities in connecting solar electrification in the flood evacuation centre, survey research through questionnaires has been obtained from the respondents. Interestingly, the result shows that the back-up electricity supply system is needed in order to accommodate the electricity supply at the evacuation centre when flood occurs. The research found that the local people are ready to use the solar electrification as a supportive electricity system during flood disaster. This paper has elaborated on the significance approaches towards connecting people with the technology.

Energy efficiency is crucial for many developing countries, including Indonesia. One of the solutions is to shift fossil fuels to an alternative source of energy, like biomass which is also available abundantly. Biomass conversion technique like gasification using palm empty fruit bunch is essential considering its potential in Indonesia. Advanced technology with a cost-effective and highly efficient gasification process is required to promote this method, especially in a rural area. Computational analysis for design and initial study is mandatory because gasification involves complicated chemical reactions. Biomass gasification characteristic was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) program STAR CCM+. The Eulerian-Lagrangian concept was employed to model the gaseous phase (air) and solid phase (biomass particles) of biomass gasifier accordingly. Each of the gasification syngas formation - i.e., CO, N2, CH4, and H2 respectively - were analyzed. The objective of this paper is to characterize biomass gasification steps started with drying, thermal decomposition/pyrolysis, partial combustion of gases, vapor, and char, and finished with the gasification of decomposed products.

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a widely used technology to generate power from renewable energy and waste heat. Dual-pressure evaporation cycle holds immense potential to be used in ORC systems because it can remarkably increase the heat-work conversion efficiency and improve the adaptability of ORC to heat sources with various characteristics. This study compared the thermodynamic performance of single-pressure and dual-pressure evaporation ORCs for heat sources with outlet temperature limit, based on five organic fluids. Effects of the heat source outlet temperature limit on the characteristics of dual-pressure evaporation ORC system were also discussed. Results show that the dual-pressure evaporation cycle can substantially increase the net power output by increasing system efficiency, and is beneficial to reduce the charge volume of organic fluid in the system, compared to the single-pressure evaporation cycle. The increments in net power output of dual-pressure evaporation cycle over the single-pressure evaporation cycle can be 4.9%, 8.3%, 10.8%, 12.8%, and 14.0% at most for R227ea, R1234ze(E), R600a, R245fa, and R601a, respectively. While, compared to heat sources without outlet temperature limit, the increment in net power output of dual-pressure evaporation cycle is remarkably lower for heat sources with outlet temperature limit.

Nowadays, there are two main energy and environmental concerns, the first is the risk of running out of fossil fuels in the next few decades, and the second is the alarming increase in the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, causing global warming and rise of see levels. Therefore, solar-driven technologies represent a substantial solution to fossil fuels dependence, global warming and climate change. Unlike most scientific research, which aim to use solar energy to generate electricity, solar energy can also be harnessed by recycling the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through high-tech artificial photosynthesis with the objective of producing storable and liquid solar fuels from CO₂ and water. There are two types of solar fuels, the first being hydrogen, which can be produced by mean of water splitting processes. The combustion of hydrogen generates water, which is a completely clean option for the environment. The second type of solar fuels consists of carbon-based fuels, such as methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), or alcohols such as methanol (CH₃OH) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH). The production to liquid solar fuels liquid fuels is of great interest, since they can be used in the current industrial infrastructures such as the automobiles' sector, without substantial changes in the vehicles' internal combustion engines. Therefore, guaranteeing a smooth transition from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy without radical economic consequences. Also, and most importantly, when these solar fuels are burned, they will only release the exact amount of CO₂ which was initially used, which represents an optimal process for sustainable transport.

In the present study the performance of two-stage gravitational water vortex turbine (GWVT) assembled in a conical basin with Savonius blade profile configuration has been investigated at different flow rate and vortex elevation. Two-stage GWVT with conical basin, not only increases the performance parameters with increase in flow parameters, but the lower stages also feed additional impact to the stage located above it because of forced vortex generation in the vicinity of top stage. Moreover, maximum hydraulic head drop near the orifice is the main contributor in the power generation of the bottom stage, by giving rise to strong tangential velocity. A stage starts power production as soon as the parabolic surface of the vortex approaches the corners of the blades even in the absence of a significant water-blade interaction. The developed analytical model qualitatively predicts the performance of the turbine minutely leading the experimental results quantitatively.

Ocean wave energy (OWE) is one of many promising renewable energy sources with a high energy density. By using the average wave energy data of 21-year WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) model, some areas were discovered to have a great potential for the wave energy generation. This present study was evaluating the selected Wave Energy Converters (WEC) and determining their capability to do the energy capture in the potential site of the Indonesian seas. The data of WW3 indicate the energy flux of OWE in Indonesia reached to 74.65 kW/m. The case study was conducted in the present research placed in an area of the Java Island called Cidaun, with energy flux about 42.41 kW/m. One of the Heaving Device type was used for assessing the practical energy and to analyze its development in Indonesia with certain limitations; a single round float and diameter device about two meters. The annual energy extracted from the designated WEC was approximately reached 119 GWh. Furthermore, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was assessed for the particular device in the selected site, resulted about 25.13 $cent/kWh or four times higher than a standard of minimum feed in tariff given by the Indonesian government.

The study focuses on the integration of the darrieus and savonius wind turbine to a vertical axis wind turbine for power generation. The material used for darrieus was fiber glass with three blades and diameter of 350 mm, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for the savonius with four blades and diameter of 100 mm. The evaluation was conducted using a controlled wind source to vary its linear wind velocity. The actual power generated was compared to the theoretical power generated to identify the efficiency of the system. With the lowest linear wind velocity of 2.63 meters per second, the actual power output of the system (combination of the darrieus and savonius power output) was 3.79 watts and the theoretical power output is 6.03 watt. This made the system to be 62.85% efficient with low wind velocity. With the highest wind velocity of 12.52 meters per second, the output of the system was 408.80 watts and the theoretical output is 650.61 watts. This made the system to be 62.83% efficient. In an overall performance of the system with varying linear wind velocity, the efficiency of the system is close to 63%.

Amid increasing rates of car ownership, serious issues around parking have emerged in Taiwan in recent years. However, most debates on the construction of urban parking infrastructure have focused on assessments of its economic benefits, rather than on a more comprehensive decision-making framework that takes energy use and other sustainability issues into account. Accordingly, this paper is a first step toward creating such a framework from a green-architectural perspective.

Since there has been growing concern about the damage that atmospheric leakage and dispersion accidents may have done to human beings, researchers are dedicated to study effective and feasible source estimation methods in chemical plant clusters. In this paper, the safety monitoring of chemical production process is conducted via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring system. Based on the observed data from this system, a source estimation method incorporating Bayesian inference and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed. Furthermore, the method is extended to discuss the source tracing algorithm using game theory in the UAV system. Finally, a practical case study is carried out to verify the feasibility and credibility of the proposed method. Results show that the method and system are helpful for safety monitoring and risk assessment in a chemical plant cluster.

In an era marked by global warming, energy conservation and carbon reduction are increasingly prioritized by national and local governments, companies and individuals. The bicycle is emerging as an important tool for reducing the overall volume of traffic, protecting the environment and conserving energy, as well as improving individuals' health and relieving their stress. Therefore, environmental demand for cycleway is garnering increased attention. The cycleway built by Taichung City's government include the Gaomei Cycleway, a coastal route famous for its seascapes and sunsets, and surrounded by rich ecological resources. This study uses Gaomei as a case for exploring the city's maintenance and management strategies for its cycleway. Specifically, it looks at the varying demands placed on Gaomei and the system in general by leisure users and commuters. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was used to review bikers' strategy recommendations generated from a questionnaire covering four facets: safety, continuity, service facilities, and environment. The results of IPA indicate that bike commuters give more weight of the safety and continuity facets due to the high frequency with which they use the system, whereas leisure are more attuned to the other two facets.

Amid rising environmental awareness, sustainable and low-carbon traffic tools are attracting considerable attention. Increasing worldwide use of bicycles for both leisure and basic transportation has increased the importance of public bicycle-related infrastructure, notably cycleways. This paper proposes a Design Optimization Index for two types of cycleways, i.e., those that are used primarily for commuting, and those that are mostly for leisure. Based on a literature review, the researchers initially developed 27 impact factors. Then, through the fuzzy Delphi method of collecting and refining advice from a group of experts, these were integrated into a five-part structure consisting of "security", "convenience", "environmental friendliness", "comfort" and "attractiveness", which can be further broen down into 16 factors in the case of commuter cycleways, and 15 factors in the case of leisure cycleways.

Epoxidized oleic acid is often regarded as a high value oleochemical due to the wide range of industrial applications including cosmetics, personal care and pharmaceutical products. Epoxidized oleic acid also extensively chosen by industry due to its advantages on the good performance as intermediate chemicals and can be obtained from renewable sources. Synthesis and physicochemical properties of oleic acid palm oil was analyzed for further reaction of epoxidation. In this study, the epoxidation of oleic acid was investigated with performic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide in H2O2 (30%) with formic acid. The characterization of oleic acid through iodine value, viscosity, acid value, saponification number and refractive index were 130, 146. 190.0, 206.1 and 1.47 respectively. On the other hand, the characterization of epoxidized oleic acid were 109.8, 156, 192.6, 219.9 and 1.38 of the same analysis. The chemical structures of the products were confirmed by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral analysis.

For the start-up process of a hybrid system consisting of a Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) and a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), the surge of the MGT is largely destructive. The MGT, which has a small thermal inertia, can start quickly. However, due to the large thermal inertia of SOFC, starting up SOFC quickly is easily malfunction. Therefore, fast and safe start-up process investigation of the coupling hybrid system is of great challenging and significance. This paper developed a dynamic model of the SOFC-MGT hybrid power systems and studied the rapid start-up process in the case of avoiding gas turbine surge and protecting SOFC by adding other afterburning, auxiliary systems, and bypass valves. The result shows that the bypass from compressor exit to atmosphere can effectively avoid system unstable and the strategy of starting the MGT and SOFC respectively is reasonable. The start-up process simulation provides a reference to the actual SOFC-MGT hybrid power systems.

Hydropower technology has been focusing on conventional water turbines with performance and efficiency depending on water head without really paying much attention to the energy in flowing waters. Such energy can be harnessed by integrating zero head turbines in possibly undershoot system. The turbines are modelled to be alternative systems in renewable energy. In this research, performance of this turbines in form of a conventional water wheel is studied using both programming prediction and experimental methods. Various type of turbines was designed by altering the blade inclination angle and testing the performance at 4- water levels. The maximum and minimum efficiencies were predicted in this study at this water levels. Based on the result, the viability of this turbines are positive and can be used to harness loss potential of flowing waters in canals and rivers which can be easily installed.

European agriculture relies on large amounts of imported protein fodder, primarily soya-beans, for livestock rearing from e.g. South and North America. This has severe social and environmental impacts, and require large amount of fossil fuel to cultivate, harvest and transport. This paper investigates how faba-beans - a leguminous crop able to fixate its own nitrogen through symbiosis with soil bacteria while providing various other Eco System Services - can be adopted, as a valuable crop by farmers in EU. This could substitute import of soya-bean for animal fodder, providing global savings in pesticide, artificial fertilizer and fossil energy usage. Emphasizing transition theory and e.g. farm machinery, culture and policies, we conclude, that activities must be applied at all levels of the agricultural system. New transition pathways are e.g. to strengthen farm networks to share knowledge and farm equipment for faba-bean cultivation, and to enhance the environmental regulation to limit the amount of artificial fertilizer distributed on farmland making legumes more valuable for farmers.

This paper was retracted by IOP Publishing on 01 November 2019. This paper has been retracted as it does not meet the terms of the IOP Proceedings Licence.

Retraction published: 01 November 2019