Table of contents

International Scientific and Practical Conference on Agrarian Economy in the Era of Globalization and Integration (AGEGI 2018)

October 24-25, 2018, Moscow, Russia

The International Scientific and Practical Conference on Agrarian Economy in the Era of Globalization and Integration was held on October 24-25, 2018 in Moscow, Russia. The conference was organized by the Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of the Organization of Production, Labor and Management in Agriculture (VNIOPTUSKH), and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Conference aimed to bring leading scholars, educators, and practitioners in the fields of agricultural economics, environmental studies, agricultural engineering, and sustainable development to share their research results, insights, and experiences and to discuss actual trends, challenges, and solutions. The focus of the Conference, its interdisciplinary approach, and international outreach allowed to create a truly engaging and intellectually challenging atmosphere.

The conference was held in the Headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia and brought over 300 speakers and participants representing various universities, research institutions, as well as the leading agricultural and industrial enterprises from Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and a number of Central Asian nations. We were also very honored to have representatives of the emerging African countries. In particular, the conference was marked with participation of Mohamed Ali Kamil, the Emergency and Authorized Ambassador of the Republic of Dzhibuti in Russia, and Dr. Anisset G. Kochofa, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Benin to the Russian Federation and Former High Commissioner of the Eurasian Economic Cooperation Organization for International Cooperation. A great number of policy experts and policy makers took part in the conference and presented their challenging views on the state of agricultural economy in the Eurasian Economic Union and its development prospects in the era of globalization and integration.

We are pleased to introduce the Conference Proceedings containing a selection of high-quality papers from contributed presentations in the conference. These papers present an integrated approach to agricultural systems, economic development, and the environment, which is highly necessary in order to respond to a number challenges in conditions of increasing globalization and integration. The intensification and diversification of agricultural systems is observed due to the rapid social development and economic growth in different parts of the world. Such tendencies cause increasing impact on natural resources and lead to unpredictable environmental consequences. Also, agricultural systems are under stress from climate change, environmental degradation, and population growth. The current institutions, policies, and agricultural technologies can hardly cope with such rapid changes. The featured papers present a wide variety of opinions and address these challenges in a comprehensive and innovative ways. Thus, the resulted collection of papers is of interest to a wide audience, including not only specialists and experts with a detailed knowledge of the topic, but also scholars, lecturers, and undergraduates of various fields of economics.

Aleksei V. Bogoviz

Doctor of Economics, Professor, Chief Researcher

Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The agricultural sector is a core stone to many sustainable development goals and initiatives, including the largest one – the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order to achieve many of these goals, it is highly necessary to have effective policies aimed at the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, since it is very much connected to all other sectors of the economy and society and is central to achieving many SDGs. However, to formulate and achieve such diverse and multiple goals, one should be able to control the development of key indicators, track outcomes of the measures being taken, and review the whole array of methods being used in order to allow for guided course corrections. Despite SDGs present a global sustainable development perspective, it is necessary to use them with local and regional indicators that capture well the degree of sustainability in the agricultural sector of a particular country or region. The paper focuses on Russia and the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) as an local/regional example. A list of local/regional indicators is proposed in connection to the corresponding global SDGs.

The paper is devoted to analyzing the issues of agricultural sustainability in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, a regional organization connecting Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and the Kyrgyz Republic. We note that there is no single study that comprehensively addresses this highly important issue; therefore, a review of major approaches to building and evaluating agricultural systems is conducted with the purpose of their further application in the Eurasian Economic Union. The paper distinguishes the total of four approaches and provides their brief overview: (1) a balance between energy and matter in sustainability and innovations; (2) water and soil consumption in agricultural production; (3) potential environmental impacts; (4) energy dimension in sustainable agricultural systems.

The paper reviews key approaches to studying agricultural innovations with the purpose of identifying its drivers at both macro- and microlevels. Acknowledging the importance of the development of Russia's agricultural sector in conditions of country's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, the paper stresses the need to quantitatively evaluate the innovative potential Russia has as an independent state and a member of the regional economic union. In order to address the aforementioned research tasks, the paper, first of all, provides a literature review on drivers of agricultural innovation, including research, education, institutional environment, etc. Then, the concept of an agricultural innovation index is discussed in the second part of the paper, including possible ways of its operationalization.

The spatial development of the agro-industrial complex of the Krasnoyarsk region is very diverse and uneven. This is due to the introduction of high-tech industries in individual territories, which increases their investment attractiveness, and state subsidies on the principle of supporting growth points. The identification of territories requiring a special regime of economic incentives for the purpose of equalizing territorial heterogeneity is proposed to be typified. Generalization of long-term studies of agricultural economists allowed authors to include the natural and climatic conditions and the level of social and economic development, which are characterized by such a set of indicators as (i) the hydrothermal coefficient to the main factors of differentiation of territories; (ii) provision of plants with heat; (iii) soil characteristics; profit per average annual employee; profitability of agricultural production; state support per one agricultural organization; (iv) profit per 1 rub. of state support; (v) level of remuneration of workers; and (vi) rural population growth. Approbation of calculations based on data from 36 districts of the Krasnoyarsk region with the use of an integral indicator, as the average value of their score, made it possible to conclude that 8 districts of the region were in a low socio-economic development group and needed to develop measures to stimulate entrepreneurial initiative with the participation of government funding.

The article considers the concepts of "competitiveness" and "competitive advantages". It gives the summary of available competitive advantages and the ones to be formed in the agricultural sector as well as specifies the factors to influence the competitiveness of the agricultural produce. Among the priority and controllable factors (conceptual framework) which have a major positive or negative impact on the state of competitiveness the following ones have been identified: inequitable cross-sector exchange not in favour of the agricultural sector; territories zoning based on the production possibilities for agri-food produce; possibilities to use digital economy in the agricultural production.

The development of the production of other types of meat has good prospects in the future, which will certainly contribute to improving the state of the livestock industry. Rabbit breeding has many incomparable advantages over other sub-breeds; therefore, it can be argued that rabbit breeding is one of the promising sub-sectors for further development. Using theoretical and empirical research methods, the authors identified a positive trend in the development of the subsector both in the world and in the Russian Federation due to the desire of the population for a healthy lifestyle. It is known that rabbit meat is dietary, easily digestible and recommended for use by all sex and age groups of the population. From an economic point of view, an increase in the production of rabbit products is a consequence of the steady growth in demand for all types of products in the sub-industry under consideration. Also, the authors note that the market capacity of the rabbit products is large enough: projects quickly pay for themselves due to the possibility of increasing production in a short time. Undoubtedly, there are factors that inhibit the development of the rabbit breeding subsector. The formation of supply chains of rabbit products and the lack of a stable feed base are the most pressing. Despite the identified problems, the rabbit breeding sector is gradually becoming one of the significant sub-sectors of the livestock industry, which in the near future will make it possible to talk about improving the efficiency of livestock production in general. The key points to be highlighted: (a) the current state of the rabbit breeding subsector in the world and in the Russian Federation was analyzed and the conclusion was made that the domestic sub-industry is at the stage of formation; (b) an opportunities for the development of the subsector and constraints were identified; (c) a project has been developed for the creation of a rabbit farm with an economic and technical-technological substantiation and assessment of economic efficiency. The proposed project of a rabbit farm can be considered as a model. Depending on the location and the need for rabbit breeding products, it is possible to change the project parameters for adaptation in a particular region.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the steady growth of agricultural production in the region and the lag in the development of social infrastructure, low attractiveness of the village. The presence of significant reserves of the spatial development of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of the region makes it possible to optimistically predict that the project-targeted management of the implementation of the strategic priorities of the development of the AIC would improve the standard of living of the rural population and the spatial organization of territorial entities. The purpose of this scientific work is to substantiate the strategic directions for the development of the regional agro-industrial complex as a locomotive for the economic growth of the regional economy, contributing to the creation of comfortable living conditions for the rural population. The study used monographic and balance methods, economic and statistical ones, including cluster analysis, strategic analysis, theoretical and practical development of the authors. The study shows the increasing role of the agro-industrial sector in the region's economy and substantiates the strategic directions of development: ensuring the growth rate of agricultural and food products, leading all-Russian indicators, expanding export-oriented agricultural production; formation of breeding and breeding base; the introduction of digital economy technologies in agriculture; greening production and the development of organic agriculture. To create comfortable living conditions and livelihoods in rural areas, the main priority areas have been proposed, related to meeting the needs of the rural population in well-equipped housing and increasing the level of integrated infrastructure in rural areas with social infrastructure facilities. The implementation of the identified strategic priorities for the development of the agro-industrial complex and the social infrastructure will help to increase the efficiency of using the reserves of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to improve the planning and forecasting of the spatial development of the region. State support of individual branches of agriculture has a great influence on the process of territorial and sectoral division of labor in agro-industrial production. Without planning and regulation of this process, providing certain opportunities to influence the location, specialization and concentration of production, as well as the development of cooperation in the industry, an unstable production system may develop in agriculture that does not provide the necessary socio-economic effect. In the course of the study, monographic, economic, statistical, and design-constructive methods, trend modeling, scenario forecasting, strategic analysis, and theoretical and practical developments of the authors were used. The study defines the spatial development of agricultural production, justifies the need to take into account and evaluate not only economic but also natural and climatic factors of production when planning the development and allocation of agricultural production, and also develops three scenarios of spatial development of the main branches of agriculture until 2035. The drafted project for the spatial development of agricultural production can be considered as an instrument of strategic planning and the basis for drawing up a strategy for the socio-economic development of the agro-industrial complex of the region.

The article presents the systematization of the main technologies of biomass processing with the calculation of the result and the effect of their use both in Russia and abroad. In addition, an acute problem is indicated and promising directions in the processing and marketing of biomass are proposed. The analysis of contemporary scientific literature on this issue, which indicates the divergence of opinions on the problems of biomass processing at poultry farms. The goal set in the article is to explore promising areas in the processing of biomass. The research goal is (a) to identify problem areas in the activities of poultry enterprises and (b) to determine the economic feasibility of promising areas of management solutions to this issue, as well as in the development of an algorithm with an economic calculation. The study used statistical methods of structural and comparative analysis, structural – logical method of presenting information, economic and mathematical modeling. Conclusions are made about the economic feasibility of the use of biomass processing at poultry farms. The results obtained show new promising solutions, namely the use of the "in-house windrowing" method in the Russian poultry industry; also, a new market for biomass products was proposed. The results of the study will expand the possibilities for further study of the issue in the framework of the implementation of the Program for the Development of Biotechnology in the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020 and the Strategy for the Development of the Forest Complex of the Russian Federation until 2030.

The innovative development of the poultry industry is currently at a stagnation stage. To increase the competitiveness of enterprises, it is necessary to stimulate the innovative potential of the industry through the development of those areas that are used in world practice, but in the Russian Federation are absent or underdeveloped. Therefore, a more careful study of all existing types of incentives for innovation and technological development of the poultry industry is necessary, which indicates the relevance of this article. The article describes all the main problems of innovation development, ways to stimulate the technological development of production, as well as proposals for increasing the competitiveness of the poultry industry.

The purpose of the article is to consider the types of incentives for innovation in the poultry industry to identify the most priority of them. Within the framework of this goal, such tasks were set as providing a description of the main problems of innovative development of the poultry industry, consideration of the main ways of stimulating this development, as well as comparing the promotion of innovation in Russia and the world.

The main methodology of the article is the use of statistical data analysis methods, a graphical method, and a comparison method.

As a result of the study, it was revealed that in order to increase the competitiveness of poultry enterprises, it is necessary to more actively introduce technological innovations into the cultivation, housing and feeding of poultry, a more detailed study of the creation of a poultry cluster, as well as the development of a network of technoparks that currently do not have are competitive.

For the analysis of market activity and prediction of market prices for agricultural land plots, a method based on the use of an econometric model of multiple regression is proposed. The method was tested on the example of the regions of the Central Black Earth economic region of the Central Federal District of Russia. The main parameters of the agricultural land market in the regions of the Central Black Earth economic region are determined. The research clearly demonstrates that the activity on the secondary land market of agricultural land is determined by the following factors: the structure of ownership of agricultural land, socio-demographic features, migration processes, income levels of the population, and natural and climatic features of the region. It has been established that a part of transactions on the land market implies further withdrawal of land from agricultural use. The main factors determining the price of a land plot are the size of the plot and the distance to the regional center. It was not possible to establish a statistically confirmed link between the specific market price of a land plot and soil fertility indicators, rental income and indicators characterizing the level of economic development and determining the cadastral value of agricultural land plots. It is concluded that further civilized development of the land market depends on improving the regulatory framework, stricter state control, and restricting the rights of market participants to prevent unreasonable transfer of agricultural land to other categories.

This paper presents a study of the possibilities of using statistical indicators of the functioning of the agricultural sector of the region's economy to estimate the value of agricultural land resources. The emerging market of agricultural land in the Russian Federation is characterized by a small number of annual transactions; therefore, the assessment of the value of land at the territorial and regional level based on the mechanisms of supply and demand is extremely difficult. To substantiate the tax base of land tax and (in some cases) the rent amount, the cadastral value of land plots is used, which is determined by the results of the state cadastral valuation of agricultural land. The methodology for cadastral valuation is debatable, since it does not provide for surveys of specific land plots; at the same time, it relies on indicators of soil quality. Therefore, its results may not be relevant, because they do not take into account important elements of economic fertility. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological approach for estimating the value of land, which makes it possible to reflect the real economic potential of agricultural land in the region. This approach is based on the method of direct capitalization of the specific conditional net income calculated on the basis of statistical reports of agricultural producers. The methodology was tested on data from the Voronezh region, as a result of which the authors' differentiation of municipal districts was formed according to the estimated value of agricultural land. According to the results of a comparative analysis, it is recommended to consider the issue of the advisability of changing the current methodology for assessing the value of agricultural land.

The study of the economic availability of food within the framework of state security is of particular interest to the Russian Federation, which is due to achieving the threshold criteria for indicators of the country's food self-sufficiency. Currently, there is no methodology for drawing conclusions about the level of affordability of food. The presented analysis of the level of satisfaction of the physiological needs of the population of the Russian Federation by main types of products in households, the nutritional and energy value of consumed food by the population of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of the cost of the minimum set of food products and the population's average income per person made it necessary to expand the boundaries of economic accessibility of food the first and second decile groups of the population, taking into account the disposable income. It is proposed to provide domestic food assistance, with the total funds amounted to 163 billion rubles for these groups.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the importance of the milk market and its role in ensuring the food security of the country, as well as the current conditions created by the increasing complexity of the political and economic situation (the introduction of economic sanctions, increased competition, reduced product quality). In this regard, the purpose of the study is to substantiate the main directions of improving the organizational and economic mechanism of the milk market, ensuring the reduction of the impact of risks, the balance of mutual interests of market actors, the solution of the strategic task of food safety. The study used the balance, economic and statistical, monographic methods, the method of system analysis, theoretical and practical approaches developed by the authors. On the basis of the identified market conditions (demand, supply, and prices) and organizational and economic assessment of the milk market, positive (growth in retail trade, reduction in dairy product imports, large-scale modernization of the dairy industry) and negative (decrease in per capita consumption, reorientation of consumers to cheaper; dairy products with low added value, reduced consumption of cheese and butter) trends are identified and described. The article substantiates the promising directions and mechanisms for the development of the milk market: improving production efficiency and competitiveness of dairy products, timely regulating market conditions (maintaining a balance of supply and demand), developing the market supply infrastructure, establishing industry clusters, reducing dependence on imports, growing organic production, digitization of production and sales of products, the expansion of interregional relations and export support, stimulated creation of marketing structures and improvement of marketing technologies.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the importance of the agricultural industry for the development of the Russian economy and the need to determine the results of state support for modernization and competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex. Since at the present stage government regulation includes protectionist policy instruments leading to import substitution in the industry, it is also relevant to study its influence in the context of the overall strategy for the development of agriculture. The problem solved in this research is in determining the trends of import substitution in agriculture in various regions of Russia. In determining sectoral peculiarities, priority is not given to the climatic or socio-economic conditions of the regions (as opposed to traditional, existing approaches) but to changes in the volume and structure of agricultural production, the ratio of export and import of industry products, changes in the volume of investment, etc., which is interpreted as the results of the state policy aimed at the development of the agro-industrial complex. When solving the tasks, we used the import load coefficients and import priority for the country as a whole, the analyzed regions' clustering, which allowed us to identify typological groups depending on the degree and direction of development of the agricultural industry and the impact of government regulation on it. Such an analysis is based on the conclusions that the agro-industrial complex in Russia is a complex industry characterized by external economies of scale with a dynamically increasing profitability, and its sub-sectors are developing according to the "catch-up growth" scenario, the success of which is largely determined by an adequate strategy and instruments of government regulation. The proposed toolkit in the study can be used as part of monitoring the assessment of the effectiveness of the state strategy for the development of the agro-industrial complex.

The article discusses the concept of the need to change approaches in forecasting the innovative development of the agricultural sector of the Perm region with the requirements of digitalization of the economy and management of innovation processes. The factors that ensure the management of innovative activities of enterprises and organizations operating in the agricultural sector of the economy are considered. A model for forecasting the innovative development of the agricultural sector of the region's economy is proposed. The results of a study of the dynamics of innovation activity in the agricultural sector of the Perm region economy are summarized, and factors affecting its increase are identified. On the basis of them, the authors propose the key areas of innovation, which should be focused forecasting innovative development.

World practice shows the important role of farming in agricultural production and its significant impact on the level of rural life in the country. The purpose of the study is to examine the state of farming in Russia today. This form of hosting in the Russian Federation began to revive relatively recently and is developing more actively than other forms in rural areas. But it is accompanied by a number of problems requiring attention from the state: lack of access to additional funds for a significant proportion of farms (both subsidies and loans); conflicts of interest with large landowners; low viability of small farms; low qualification of the labor force, including the heads of farms; the presence of fictitious farms without land area and farms with a huge area with a high proportion of employees. The situation is significantly aggravated in the regions with unfavorable agro-climatic conditions, such as the Non-Black-Earth Zone, the northern regions of the Volga Region, the Urals, and Siberia. Existing support programs at the federal level are not enough, agricultural cooperation is not developing. In most of the subjects with relatively low development of the peasant (farm) economy, programs for supporting small farms have not been adopted. In order to ensure the development of rural areas, taking into account the interests of the local population, it is proposed to assign the responsibility of land management to the experts, who could plan the development of the agro-industrial complex in rural areas.

Due to the solid motivation of business activity of farmers from the state during the implementation of the Programs on Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2008-2012 and 2013-2020, agricultural organizations have taken a leading position among producers of commercial agricultural products. Over the past ten years, they have been able to radically change their economic behavior: modifying the nature of agribusiness management; increasing financial responsibility for its results, responding more adequately to market signals; taking into account demand; looking for profitable sales channels; focusing on the process of technical and technological re-armament; learning relevant professions; finding new approaches to people, developing a strategy and tactics to create conditions for expanded reproduction, intensification of production processes; and increasing the efficiency of commercial activities. In order to maintain the achieved positive results for the long term, agricultural organizations need the most constructive approach to effectively regulate the reproductive process, focusing on the continuous improvement and long-term transformations in economic relations.

The article describes the state of production of cattle meat on the example of the Voronezh region. It is revealed that the successful overcoming of the crisis period was achieved thanks to the measures taken to enhance investment activity. It was noted that the key condition for increasing the production of cattle meat in the region was the transition to specialized meat cattle breeding. The basis for the development of this subsector was the development of high-tech investment projects, under which the large-scale delivery of highly productive beef cattle from other countries was carried out. Along with this, new livestock complexes were built, advanced technologies were introduced into the production process. One of the stimulating factors was the adoption in the region of state support measures aimed at the development of breeding activities and an increase in the production of high-quality beef. In conclusion, the main problematic issues hindering the effective development of beef cattle breeding in the region are given, and the need to improve existing measures and mechanisms of state support is indicated in order to ensure further intensive development of this sub-sector and increase its investment attractiveness. In particular, a mechanism is presented to stimulate the breeding of beef cattle in households.

One of the priority strategic objectives aimed at reducing the unjustifiably high spatial differentiation of rural areas is their diversification, carried out by involving unused resource reserves into development, creating new opportunities for the industries which products have a steady market demand. The purpose of this scientific work is to justify the need to move from a predominantly mono-functional to a diversified model of rural development. Creating models for their diversified development requires defining the rural areas as a special space, in which a specific activity closely related to the natural habitat is carried out, depending on the natural, economic factors of farming and formed in the conditions of the almost universal distribution of multi-component agricultural production. In the process of research, the relationship between the diversity of the rural economy structure and the multifunctionality of rural areas was revealed, which showed the need to diversify the economy by stimulating various types of activities. Taking into account domestic and foreign experience, approaches to building a model of diversified development of rural areas are justified. Based on a study of the rural economy structure, a model of diversification was proposed, containing single-industry and multi-industry blocks, including a different combination of industries and their advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that the most effective is an industry-specific model with a diversified rural economy due to the maximum possible set of various economic forms and activities that meet the needs of the population in employment.

The article gives a brief description of the existing problems of vegetable growing in the Russian Federation. It is shown that hierarchical (in the form of vertical integration) or network (in the form of agrarian fillers or clusters) models of the functioning of the vegetable industry can be used to solve them. A comparative analysis of these models is provided in the paper. It is shown that a rapid increase in production can be achieved on the basis of vertical integration. However, for ensuring the sustainable development of the industry, it is necessary to use network models. Thus, stable and efficient functioning of the vegetable industry in our country should be based on the balance of hierarchical and network models.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to meet the needs of the population in meat products, the formation of a reliable balanced source of raw materials, and the implementation of import substitution policies. The purpose of this scientific work is to assess the modern functioning of the meat market in the Voronezh region and to justify the priority directions for the further development of its main segments. The study used the methods of portfolio and economic-statistical analysis, as well as theoretical and practical research results of the authors. The study noted an increase in the market supply due to an increase in regional meat production (with a decrease in imports, including imports of meat and meat products). Also it found an increase in export volumes, including exports of meat products, which was a result of excess production indicators recommended by the norms of rational consumption of meat products (to some extent). The results of the portfolio analysis indicate a growing market for pork and poultry meat, high rates of growth in the markets for beef, lamb, and goat meat. The effective functioning of the meat market in the Voronezh region is facilitated by the clustering process currently underway, which ensures the use of modern high-performance technologies and enhances the efficiency and competitiveness of the regional agro-industrial complex.

Broccoli cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. convar. Botrytis (L.) Alef. Var. Cymosa Duch) was already known in culture more than 2 thousand years ago. Broccoli is still less common in Russia. The research and evaluation of experimental results demonstrates broccoli is a very promising crop, both for scientific research and for commodity production. Simply, its potential is still not fully disclosed, both by agricultural producers and the scientific community in the Russian Federation. This is evidenced by the ever-growing number of foreign hybrids of F1 broccoli in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in 2018. At the same time, the research results reflected in the article can be equally useful for representatives of the agro-industrial complex and agricultural science.

The article deals with the development of rural areas in the context of political decisions, project management and psychological specificity of the Russian hinterland.

The Lipetsk region has great potential for the cultivation of crops. The priority direction in the field of grain growing in the region is wheat. The main link in the system of technological process in the field of crop production is technological support. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to identify the factors affecting the timely implementation of technological processes in the cultivation of grain crops in the territory of the Lipetsk region. Statistical research methods in dynamics show that the Lipetsk region has a high degree of yield compared with other regions of the Russian Federation. Also, a statistical analysis of the quantitative composition of combine harvesters of the Lipetsk region was made. Using the method of interviewing heads of agricultural organizations of the Lipetsk region, it was possible to establish whether there is a need to attract additional units of equipment to perform technological operations for the cultivation of crops. Based on the conclusions drawn from the analysis of factors, we have developed a proposal to create a regional machine-technological complex, which would reduce the technical and financial burden on agricultural enterprises by providing services for the provision of agricultural machinery for rent, as well as a number of other services used in implementation of technological processes in the cultivation of crops.

The article notes the special importance of the turnover of food products and agricultural raw materials in international trade. Based on the analysis performed, it was revealed that despite the positive dynamics in the structure of foreign trade in food products (reduction of imports and increase in exports), the trade balance of these products remains negative. To overcome this trend, it is necessary to solve a set of tasks related to the growth of production and increase of competitiveness. In order to identify the price competitiveness of domestic agri-food products, a comparative analysis of the competitiveness of average producer prices and export prices for the main types of products in 2013-2017 was carried out in the Russian Federation and in the leading countries in the export of these products in the world. The study shows that Russian prices were competitive in most of the considered types of agri-food products. The result of the import substitution policies in recent years was the growth of production and the reduction of imports for a number of agri-food products. In addition, the depreciation of the national currency ensured the growth of competitiveness of domestic agri-food products on the world market and led to an increase in exports. In order to increase the competitiveness of products, it is necessary to consistently reduce production and logistics costs, reduce losses through the use of innovative technologies, and improve product quality. In order to systematically increase agricultural exports, it is necessary to create a modern export infrastructure, form an effective system of branding and promotion of Russian agri-food products, develop a coordinated system of measures of state support for non-primary exports.

One of the main directions in the development of the agricultural sector of the EAEU member states is the rational placement and deepening of the specialization of the production of certain types of agricultural products in each of them, taking into account the spatial development of their aggregate agricultural potential. The greatest effect is possible in the case when each country of the Union focuses on increasing the production and export of those types of food products and agricultural raw materials which are most effective in local conditions. To this end, it is necessary to develop national schemes for the territorial-sectoral division of labor in the agro-industrial production, taking into account the natural and economic features of each EEU member state, as well as a general scheme for the spatial development of their agricultural sector of the economy. This will improve the basic parameters in the development of the agrarian economy of the EAEU countries through the rational use of their combined huge agricultural and bioclimatic potentials. The paper also advocates in favor of creating the specialized high-tech zones for the production of certain types of agricultural products and expanding mutual and foreign trade in food products and agricultural raw materials.

Recently, in the domestic practice of agricultural insurance, interest in index insurance products has increased from both insurers and insurants. This is due to the high efficiency demonstrated by them as a tool to protect against the risk of yield loss, with a low level of associated moral hazard, low maintenance costs of the insurance contract. Index insurance implies the conclusion of a contract providing for the payment of insurance compensation when the base indicator reaches a specified threshold, the base indicator being an indirect sign of the occurrence of actual damage. When insuring crops, such a baseline can be high temperatures, lack of precipitation during the growing season. However, a more accurate indicator of the magnitude of the crop, and hence its shortage, is the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), obtained using space monitoring of vegetation. This fact is a reliable prerequisite for the use of this indicator in the index insurance of agricultural crops. Mathematical modeling of the dependence of the yield of spring barley in certain districts of the Rostov region on NDVI indicators made it possible to determine the main parameters of the corresponding index insurance products and to prove the effectiveness of their use to reduce the risks of yield loss. In particular, efficiency is expressed in stabilizing the income of agricultural producers by years, which is confirmed by a decrease in the coefficients of variation of this indicator in some cases to 27%.

The analysis of the current state of the agricultural economy of the Krasnodar region is conducted, and the priority directions of its innovative development are substantiated, including the increase in the productivity of livestock and crop production sectors, the level of technical and technological equipment of production and the effectiveness of state support for commodity producers. The necessity of restoration and development of branch science is noted with the intensification of the processes of its integration with private capital, education, and production. A critically high dependence of commodity producers on imported seeds of high-yielding varieties and hybrids of individual crops has been established and recommendations have been formulated to reduce it. It has been established that the most problematic subsectors that hamper the implementation of the import substitution program in the region are the meat and dairy cattle breeding sectors, which require their primary improvement. The necessity of developing the livestock breeding as an important factor of preservation and restoration of soil fertility in the region due to growth of production volumes and application of organic fertilizers, as well as expansion of the area of sowings of perennial and annual grasses, is substantiated in the paper. It is noted that an important direction to improve the efficiency of the agro-economy of the region is to strengthen the system of its state support and the development of small forms of management with deepening the processes of cooperation and integration.

According to FAO estimates, the world food products markets still remain fairly balanced, which is due to sufficient stocks of wheat and corn and the recovery of oilseeds production. The value of oilseeds in the national economy is almost impossible to overestimate, since their food and non-food role in the world is constantly increasing. Vegetable oils obtained from oilseeds form the basis of human nutrition, they are widely used in various types of industry. The increasing role of oilseeds is also due to their use as a raw material for the production of biodiesel. The paper additionally considers the specificity of the market oilseeds. The main regions are the producers of individual oilseeds and major oilseeds in the world. The analysis of the production of major oilseeds, their production structure and global trends, which allowed to determine the main factors influencing the market of oilseeds. The composition of the countries-exporters and importers in the market of oil seeds and their share is given. The vector in the development of the world oilseed market and the role of alternative oilseeds on it are also reviewed in the paper.

The study was conducted to determine the financial sustainability, profitability of activities, efficiency of using fixed assets, land, labor, independently managing agricultural enterprises and organizations that are part of agricultural holdings. The stages of creation and transformation of integrated formations are highlighted in the papers. The authors describe the experience of the functioning of agricultural holdings in the Altai region, which is one of the main agro-industrial regions of Russia. The prevalence of integrated formations of organizations of the agro-industrial complex, state, and municipal administration in the structure of head companies was revealed. Based on the annual financial statements of more than 750 agricultural organizations in the region, a number of financial and economic indicators were calculated. It was revealed that self-managing entities were characterized by higher efficiency in the use of labor, fixed assets, agricultural land and financial stability, having a more diversified industry sector than the agricultural holdings did. Similar results contradict the management practices of most regions of Russia, in which the membership of agricultural organizations to agricultural holdings leads to an increase in the economic efficiency of resource use and financial condition.

Studies were conducted to determine the influence of structural factors on the profitability of agricultural production. The main hypothesis: the structural shifts of the sectoral structure are associated with changes in conditions in the market for agricultural products, raw materials and food, the system of state regulation of agricultural production, as well as relations between partners in the agro-industrial complex. It was revealed that the largest amplitude of structural fluctuations per unit specific weight of products was observed for sheep, beet, beekeeping, and pig breeding products. The decline in production in sheep breeding is associated with the elimination of unprofitable activities in the pig industry, mainly with the bankruptcy of the loaned pig farms. The influence of structural and quality indicators on the profitability of agricultural enterprises in the region as a whole and its natural-economic zones is shown. Given the number of industries, the standardized weighted profitability ratio is higher in municipalities with a high concentration of crops of grain crops, sunflower, sugar beet, and it is below with a concentration of milk production. The directions of the formation of the mechanism of balanced (proportional) development of agriculture are generalized, connected with the need to improve state regulation of the development of agriculture and the mechanism of producers' adaptation to changes in external conditions.

The research focuses on the characteristic features of the modern development in the cooperative sector in the agro-industrial complex of North American and European countries, taking into account the existing differences in legislation, national traditions, local differences, and the importance of the cooperative movement to search for effective responses to the new challenges of globalization of the economic space. The purpose of the work is to identify the most significant achievements and features inherent in the cooperative sector in the agro-industrial complex of the USA, Canada, France, and Spain. The paper presents quantitative data characterizing the level of development of cooperation in individual countries and the legislative framework for the functioning of agricultural cooperatives. The areas of activity of the largest cooperatives and measures for state support of the development of the cooperative movement in the USA, Canada, France, and Spain are considered. As a result, conclusions were formulated reflecting the significance of the contribution of cooperatives to the economic and financial stability of countries in the context of globalization, to the creation of jobs and increasing the innovative potential of business.

Improving the inter-sectoral economic relations of the subjects of the agrarian sector remains a pressing issue as a result of the growing processes of degradation in rural areas, as well as under the influence of a changing institutional environment. The purpose of the study is to identify the key parameters and build a digital conceptual model of increasing the equivalence of inter-sectoral economic relations in the agro-industrial complex. Research bjectives: to determine the modern principles of interaction of economic entities in the agro-industrial complex; to identify the main problems in inter-sectoral interaction at various levels of the economy; based on the analysis of existing instruments of economic interaction, to analyze new elements aimed at ensuring the parity of inter-sectoral relations in the AIC. The theoretical and practical significance of the research is determined by the generalization of knowledge in the field of digitization of the agrarian economy; the use of sociological research methods to identify the dominant factors influencing the nature of economic relations and the settlement system in the agrarian sphere.

Scientific and applied research in the field of monitoring the state and trends of development of the regional agro-industrial complex (AIC) is becoming a very important and objectively necessary in the context of permanently changing geo- and macroeconomic conditions, as well as in the aspect of the risk of globalization and integration. All this requires the development of syncretic forms, methods, and approaches to the system of management and organization of the national economy, which ultimately should be harmoniously synthesized in the structure and content of the socio-economic strategy of competitive development of agriculture at the regional level and the level of macroeconomics.

The relevance of this study is due to the decline in recent years observed in the production of beef and veal, which does not allow to fully ensure food security. The article deals with the use of mechanisms of state support for the development of cattle meat production, as one of the main food products. The purpose of this article is to identify the mechanisms of state support for the development of beef cattle breeding in the most successful countries, which food security index for cattle meat production did not fall below 70% over the period of 2012-2016. Their experience of state support allows for a timely stabilization of the market situation. The leading method for studying this problem is statistical analysis. The study was based on official data of international organizations and foreign organizations. Based on the self-sufficiency assessment, 11 countries were selected to consider the existing state support mechanisms. The results of the study allowed us to identify the main areas of subsidies: research, modernization, support for pedigree cattle breeding, as well as support for developing farmers. Application of the experience of state support for the development of beef cattle through indirect measures will contribute to the prospects for the development of production, both quantitative and qualitative. At the same time, indirect support does not depend on the specifics of ensuring the production of cattle meat, associated with climatic factors and technological development of the country, which allows the application of measures in practice regardless of them.

In the current economic and political conditions, the sustainable development of dairy cattle breeding, its intensification are a complex system of interrelated measures for the maintenance, fodder production, feeding and breeding of animals, as well as technical modernization, rational use of resources, etc. We believe that feed production and feeding of farm animals are among the key elements of this system. At the same time, assessment of the quality of the harvested feed, analysis of their nutritional value and chemical composition in the diet are of particular importance. As studies conducted by us on materials of the Vologda region show, different types of feed samplers are used in farms, rations are represented by an abundant set of feed and balancing feed additives with a large variety of chemical composition and nutritional value. However, the wide range and diversity of the chemical composition and nutritional value of the feeds used in animal diets confirm not only violations in the technology of harvesting feeds, but also an imperfect method of their selection. In view of this, we have developed and scientifically substantiated the method of selecting feeds, and also presented the results of approbation of the OBA-1 deep-boring feed sampler in agricultural organizations in the Vologda region with various methods of housing and milking cows. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study consisted of the fundamental works of the Russian scientists and economists; general scientific research methods were used (abstract-logical, systemic approaches, economic and statistical, etc.), statistical (grouping, sampling, comparisons, etc.), as well as graphical and table data visualization techniques. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used in the production of agricultural organizations to improve the feed production system, intensify production, increase the economic efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, and also serve as a basis for further research on this issue.

The relevance and novelty of the topic is explained by the increasing role of environmentally safe milk in providing the population with healthy food. The purpose of the work is to show certain features in the formation of the environmentally safe milk market infrastructure. Statistical materials on the work of the dairy market and the dairy industry of the Republic of Tatarstan were used to research the topic. Economic methods were used in the research process. As a result, the conclusions confirming the importance of the correct formation of the infrastructure of the market of environmentally safe milk are formulated. The market of environmentally safe milk of the Republic of Tatarstan has solid potential and good prospects for development, occupies an important place in the agro-food market, is a set of multidimensional organizational and economic relations that regulate the activities of economic entities linked to each other for the production, processing and sale of products. In the infrastructure of the market, special attention should be paid to reducing the cost of moving products from producer to processor and consumer, where nothing is added to the product except a price increase of 40 percent or more, which adversely affects the competitiveness of products.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the importance of the socioeconomic functions performed by a small agrarian business to increase rural employment, provide consumers with quality products, as well as the need to choose priority directions for the development of this sector of the agrarian economy in modern market conditions characterized by the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions and the declared import substitution policy. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the trends and justification of the priority directions for the development of small agribusiness, taking into account the natural resource potential of the regions and the implemented agricultural policy. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of cognition were used: monographic, dialectical, abstract-logical, methods of economic analysis and synthesis, computational-constructive, economic and statistical. The study highlighted the development trends of small agricultural business, identified the problems of its functioning at the present stage. Summarizes the positive experience of the regions of the Central Black Earth Region in the implementation of measures to support the development of small businesses. On the basis of the analysis performed, priority areas for development are identified: improving competitiveness and production efficiency in small business structures; development of consumer cooperation (outsourcing); establishing a system of interaction between small agribusiness and the state; developing organic agricultural production in small business structures; digitization of the rural economy and improvement of information support for rural entrepreneurs; development of youth, socially oriented entrepreneurship. The implementation of the proposed directions for the development of small agrarian business will enhance the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex, the sustainable development of rural areas, and the formation of eco-and socially-oriented behavior among rural entrepreneurs.

With the development of the market in the agro-industrial production, the growth of the effective functioning of the food market and the development of a more developed potato market, its supply through the inter-regional exchange will increase due to the further deepening of the specialization of regions in which there are more favorable both natural and economic conditions for growing potatoes intended for consumption in fresh and processed form. The main direction of deepening specialization and increasing the concentration of the production of marketable potatoes should be a focus on those regions in which economic and natural factors contribute to the more efficient development of interregional relations. It will also have a beneficial effect on the process of formation of the all-Russian potato market, an increase in the import of potatoes to regions where its production does not provide rational consumption rates, and export from regions with a high level of per capita production.

The article considers the sequence of actions proposed by the authors in the framework of planning and subsequent practical implementation of the concept of investment policy of regional economic entities operating in the field of agricultural production. Most agricultural producers in the regions of the Russian Federation face the problem of lack of financial resources. At the same time, the insufficient level of economic efficiency makes them investment unattractive, which prevents the inflow of investor capitals. According to the authors, the concept of a universal (acceptable regardless of industry sector and scale of activity) investment policy that provides for such actions by the management of an economic entity that would help to find hidden corporate reserves, increase productivity and investment attractiveness is able to reverse the current situation. The formation of a similar concept was stated as the purpose of the study. The novelty of the research is determined by the algorithm of formation and implementation of the concept of an effective investment policy of regional agricultural producers.

The modern period of the formation and development of the farming sector in Russia has more than 25 years, during which the growth rates of the main economic indicators of its subjects exceeded the levels of similar indicators of other agricultural producers. The paper discusses changes in the physical volume index, providing a number of observations revealing causal mechanisms in the work of peasant farms in Russia. Consideration of these factors, as well as evaluation of the effectiveness of the work of peasant farm revealed a whole range of problems and difficulties in the process of agricultural production. The paper also provides recommendations aimed improving the efficiency of the already operating peasant farms, which would a positive impact on the overall development of the farming sector of Russia's national economy.

The article considers the current state and possibilities of exporting domestic production of livestock products. The main conditions and factors for the development of the export potential of the industry and the factors influencing its formation are determined. The key countries-importers of Russian food of animal origin and goods supplied to the world market have been established. Reflects trends and macroeconomic conditions for increasing the volume of exports of livestock products. Proposed measures to improve the mechanisms of state support for exporters of livestock products and products of its processing.

Import dependence on livestock products in 2017 amounted to more than 23%, while the share of domestic livestock products in the market did not exceed 81%. A systematic study of various aspects of improving the competitiveness of dairy cattle breeding in Russia has allowed us to develop a theoretical and methodological basis for studying this problem. Based on the economic essence of the concept of "competitiveness," we believe that only with the profitable management of the industry as a whole, one can raise the question of the competitive advantages and competitiveness of each type of livestock production. Through a detailed costing, the degree of influence of internal and external factors that ensure the competitive management of the industry is determined, and the main factors constraining the realization of the natural competitive advantages of domestic livestock farming under current conditions are considered. Conceptual solutions to improve the competitiveness of the production of milk, beef, and breeding products are proposed, ensuring the industry's withdrawal from the state of stagnation. A set of new government regulatory mechanisms has been developed that have an effective impact on improving the competitiveness of domestic producers of animal products. The consistent state policy pursued by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia in the field of dairy cattle breeding led the industry to competitive positions in all product areas. However, to increase profitability and develop domestic dairy cattle breeding through expanded reproduction, it is necessary to further improve the legislative framework for solving urgent problems, including the proposals developed in the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry.

The level of technical equipment of agricultural producers, primarily agricultural machinery, creates the potential aimed at increasing the competitive advantages and efficiency of agricultural production. The consequence of the economic changes that have taken place in the agrarian sector of the Russian economy over the past 30 years has been the physical and moral obsolescence of machinery and equipment, and therefore a significant reduction in the volume of mechanized field work. The observed rates of reproduction of the machine-tractor park neither in terms of quantity nor in terms of energy capacities are sufficient for the full development of the agri-food sector and addressing the issues of food supply of the population. Domestic agricultural producers manage to maintain the technical readiness of the worn-out machine-tractor fleet at the level of 60-62%, which ensures participation in the production of 30-35% of the park of machinery in comparison with the real need. Many years of in-depth study by the authors in the course of scientific research on theoretical approaches to improving the reproduction of the machine-tractor fleet and raising the level of technical equipment for agricultural producers allowed to formulate certain authors' approaches to solving the existing problems. In particular, as a result of the study, the authors carried out a feasibility study on the use of the optimal type of potato harvester as applied to the conditions of potato cultivation in the Moscow region. That will improve the efficiency of potato cultivation, reduce the losses of producers from injury of tubers in the process of harvesting.

The article discusses issues of state support for the formation of the quality of human capital in the agrarian sector of the economy in leading foreign countries, relying on the example of Germany, the USA, France, and Finland. Particular attention is focused on the possibility of applying the accumulated experience in the educational sphere of the above countries in the educational system of agricultural universities of Russia.

One of the ways to improve the efficiency of production is the deepening of specialization and the development of interregional relations. The problems of rational specialization and optimal commodity flows have been troubling the scientific economists over the past two centuries. It is especially important to address the issues of territorial and sectoral division of labor for industries whose production efficiency differs significantly in different regions and is suitable for transportation. The article describes the methodological approaches to the improvement of interregional raw materials and food links in animal husbandry based on the formation of large-scale specialized commodity zones on the example of the Russian Federation. The first task of the study was to identify several large-value zones of specialization in the production of livestock products. As a result of solving the second task, two goals were achieved at the same time: (a) optimization of cattle breeding and (b) the interregional exchange of feed and meat and dairy products. To achieve the goals, we used a combination of statistical and economic-mathematical methods, a combination of several models of optimal linear programming. As a result of the research, five areas of specialization were identified, depending on the level of livestock production and the availability of the natural and economic potential for the development of the subsector, the placement of livestock in those zones has been optimized. In addition, a scheme has been developed for the interregional food exchange and the development of commodity relations. The presented methodological approaches can be used to solve similar problems both at the international level (CIS, EAEU, etc.), and for smaller territorial units, such as federal districts or individual regions.

The increasing practical significance of forecasting tools in the agricultural business arises from the requirements of legislation on strategic planning. Solving the problem of foreseeing bankruptcy in foreign practice is carried out through the use of a step-by-step discriminant analysis methodology. The most common solvency forecasting models developed by Western European and Russian scientists in scientific research have been systematized. Their analytical and functional capabilities are summarized, and the need for their application in domestic practice to supplement existing tools of bankruptcy diagnostics with the means of its prediction is shown. These models, along with the method of assessing insolvency, will allow for a comprehensive survey of agribusiness entities, improving the business reputation of agriculture and acting as instrumental support for issuing guarantees to free capital owners about the financial status of producers in the future.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the system of breeding and seed production in Russia, as well as to identify the constraining factors of its development. A model of selection and seed production of agricultural crops is proposed. The costs for the construction of the seed breeding center are determined. The paper discusses some measures to create conditions for establishing the domestic seed fund of the most import-dependent crops at a level of at least 75%. Also, the research presented in this paper identifies an array of problems in seed production (high dependence on import supplies of hybrids, sowing of substandard seeds, violation of the time for variety shift and variety renewal) that lead to a shortfall in the yield and a decrease in the profitability of agricultural production.

The article deals with the formation and further development of agricultural cooperation, which is one of the most significant problems for the sustainable improvement of the country's agricultural economy. Among the regions with the most difficult factors for the agricultural production, one could mention the emergence and activity of rural cooperatives, which are the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD). The circumstances that determine the development of the cooperative movement in the North Caucasus Federal District require theoretical and practical analysis, as well as a revaluation that would enhance the activity of agricultural cooperatives. The relevance of the chosen topic of this study is determined by the special conditions for the development of agricultural production in the North Caucasus Federal District, the traditions and skills of the population.

The paper focuses on the main directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of rural development through their legal and psychological analysis. The need for such research is due to the lag in the development of rural areas, a weak legal framework, a lack of understanding of the psychological laws of the urgent problems of rural development. The focus is on the issues of the conceptual apparatus, the analysis of the Russian legislation on the legal regulation of agricultural, labor, and social relations in agriculture. When creating documents of federal importance, it is necessary to take into account the psychological specifics of the rural population. The study focuses on the relationship between the legal and psychological approach to the development of rural areas of the Russian Federation, making a proposal to improve the Russian legislation in certain areas of legal regulation of legal relations in agriculture.

The article analyzes the current socio-economic situation and the state of affairs in the agricultural sector of Russia. The issues of import substitution, state regulation, and management on the basis of the program approach are considered. The foreign experience of addressing an agrarian question is given. It is noted that the revealed problems and the presented analysis of the agro-industrial complex economy (and its social sphere) are due to the weak protectionism of the state in relation to this extremely important sector of the national economy, ensuring the stability and security of the country in a broad sense. The problems of state rural policy are also considered in the article, the authors note the main of them: ensuring sustainable development of the rural economy, increasing the level of agricultural products competitiveness on the basis of investment, and providing resources for further modernization of agricultural production. The authors strengthened the necessity to move to a new model of rural development.

Import substitution has become an important element of economic policies in the Russian Federation. Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the Russian economy, demonstrating significant results of import substitution. Therefore, it seems appropriate to analyze what growth rates of agricultural products have been achieved in terms of import substitution, whether manufactured products are competitive, what is the potential for further import substitution, due to which it is possible to ensure sustainable development of the industry in the long term. As a result of the research, it was established that despite the negative macroeconomic conditions formed after 2014, import substitution made it possible to achieve positive results in the development of the agro-industrial complex. The duration of the import substitution process is different for individual types of agricultural products and depends on a number of factors, both economic and technological. Competitiveness of domestic products in 2013-2016 increased significantly. The main factors for improving competitiveness were the favorable market conditions and the depreciation of the national currency. As the share of domestic products in the general market resources increases and / or the Russian ruble strengthens, growth opportunities in the agricultural sector of the economy will weaken due to import substitution, which requires searching for new development factors.

The development of vegetable production has good prospects in the future, which will certainly contribute to the introduction of innovative technologies. The introduction of the food embargo has stimulated an increase in the production of vegetables. Using theoretical and empirical research methods, the authors identified a positive trend in the development of the industry as a whole in the Russian Federation and agricultural producers in the Moscow region in particular. The research clearly shows that the level of investments in the industry is insufficient, despite the strengthening of state support. Expanding the business of existing agricultural producers and launching new projects do not yet allow to fully solve the issue of self-sufficiency. The level of profitability of the production of vegetables of large and small producers in the range of 20-30%. The main factors of the effectiveness of the cultivation of vegetables (yield, product quality, production costs) are considered. The evolutionary characteristics of intensive technology of growing vegetables are also reviewed in the paper. Transitioning to an adapted biologized model of growing vegetables is proposed, which is based on environmental and economic aspects. Directions of this model: constructing a competent plant protection, restoring soil fertility through working with crop residues, ensuring an effective use of mineral fertilizers. This innovative technology makes it possible, in the conditions of under-financing of the industry, to raise profitability in the vegetable farms to a level above 50% in a very short term.

The methodical basis for evaluating the effectiveness of state support in domestic agriculture is the assessment by the criterion of effectiveness. It is the methodical approach used in assessing the development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, the effectiveness of implementing the federal, regional, and sectoral programs and strategies. Efficiency, defined as the achievement of certain indicators of stated or planned goals, as the solution of tasks in accordance with certain indicators, is assessed by the index method. In this case, it is not the absolute or relative change of the result that is assessed but the level of its achievement. The use of performance makes it difficult to assess the level of innovation activity. The continuing growth in state support for crop production in the context of budget deficits, the entry of the Russian Federation into the World Trade Organization, and the need to increase the innovative activity of the industry require the justification of any financial decisions, including those implemented in the form of subsidies. The rationale should serve as a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of subsidies, which is based on the use of the criterion "result" and not its "effectiveness". The development of a methodical approach to evaluating the effectiveness of subsidies as a mechanism for increasing the innovative activity of crop production can make the assessment procedure more transparent, consistent with international assessment criteria, replacing performance indicators in the Subsidy Agreements with planned results and volumes and types of spending. The use of a methodical approach will lead to a reduction in the volumes of inefficient and unjustified budget expenditures, providing an additional impetus for increasing innovation activity in the crop production sector of the Pskov region.

Investment combined with innovation is an essential condition for the growth and development of the socio-economic system. In essence, investments are defined as long-term capital investments in the economy in order to ensure sustainable rates of expanded reproduction. Investments are characterized by the fact that they are always limited, and here it is important to correctly determine the priorities that can maximize the final result. These indisputable priorities include the agro-industrial complex, ensuring the food security of the country. The purpose of the article is determined taking into account the emerging tensions with investment resources of the state, in connection with which it is proposed to intensify the attraction of private investments in the agro-industrial complex, using the experience of economic levers and incentives already approved in the country, aimed at attracting private investments in special economic zones and priority development areas. The analysis of the effectiveness of the special economic zones, including their questioning, conducted by the author and combined with the study of the foreign experience of China and other countries, led to the conclusion about the effectiveness of using the public-private partnership mechanism to attract private investment. The system of economic levers and incentives for attracting investment is proposed in the article.

The paper focuses on the methodological foundations of the economic evaluation of technical means of production and the conceptual positions of the scientific support of the problems being developed to improve economic relations of partners on the basis of mutual interest. A method for the economic evaluation of the quality of technical equipment based on the calculation of compensating costs and equalizing charges, the laws of their change when using aging equipment is proposed. It is shown that equalization charges, reflecting the changing quality of machines, can be used to correct depreciation methods. It is proposed to use the step-wise depreciation method, in which the entire initial cost is transferred to the depreciation fund reflecting the changing quality of the machine.

The development of agriculture plays a significant role in the economy of each country. The entire agro-industrial complex not only shows the standard of living of the population, but it also forms the financial, resource potential of a particular region. Therefore, the study of different ways to improve the efficiency of management is important. The article is devoted to the analysis and understanding of various manifestations of business intelligence in the agricultural sector, which contribute to the development of this industry, making all the processes taking place in it more productive. Particular attention is paid to the development of new technological devices, which clearly demonstrates the importance of using business intelligence to optimize the functioning of all industries of the national economy. It is shown that innovations regarding information processing methods penetrate all levels of the agro-industrial sector, becoming the object of large investments.

A comparative analysis of the organic food market in Russia and Germany presented in this paper makes it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each and to work out directions for the development of domestic organic agriculture. A comparative analysis of the organic food market is carried out according to the following parameters: (a) types of distribution channels; (2) barriers to entry and exit; and (3) the price level in relation to the industrial products.

The article makes an attempt to research the statistical dependencies characterizing the potato production efficiency in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Solutions to food security problems are revealed through the achievement of threshold values for the production and self-sufficiency of individual products. So, for the production of potatoes, the threshold value of food security is set at 95%. Achieving threshold values is extremely important for achieving food security, but it is equally important to assess the role of Russian regions in the production of potatoes, as well as to assess the efficiency of production in agricultural organizations, private household plots, and farms. The conducted economic and statistical analysis shows that the average yield for agricultural organizations is higher than for personal subsidiary farms by 1.5 times. Comparison with farms is also not in favor of the latter. Agricultural organizations have the opportunity to observe the technology of potato cultivation, buy new varieties, high-yielding and resistant to pests, apply fertilizers. Small farms are unable to meet the requirements of technology due to their scale, which affects the degeneration of the genetic line and the fall in yield.

The article discusses the features of the Russian model of legal regulation of agricultural relations. The relevant experience is analyzed in historical retrospect using the historical-comparative method. With the help of the formal legal method, the research shows the feature of the rules of law governing agricultural relations. On the basis of the revealed regularities, the recommendations applicable in contemporary conditions are formulated. The article notes that the agricultural issue in Russia in all ages was among the most acute, which was determined by the traditional agricultural nature of the domestic economy. The article deals with the periodization of the dynamics of state regulation of agricultural relations. The fact of significant changes in approaches to the regulation of agricultural relations on the part of the state is used as the basis of periodization. There are five stages in the development of state-legal regulation of agricultural relations. A brief description of each stage is given, and their features are shown. The main attention is paid to the contemporary stage of development in agricultural relations. The authors' position on the legality of the allocation of agricultural law as an independent complex branch of law is shown. Contemporary tendencies, problems, and prospects of development of agrarian law in contemporary Russia are discussed. It is concluded that the effective and rational legal regulation of agricultural relations should be aimed at the preservation and development of land and land use as the basis of all economic activity in the agricultural sector. In the context of global turbulence and increasing threats to national security, the effective development of the agricultural sector of the economy is a strong guarantee of Russia's prosperity.

The article discusses the essence of the basic approaches to the definition of the concept "digital economy". There is a lack of elaboration on the issues of establishinh the mechanism of transition from the traditional economy to the digital one and justification of the criteria allowing to fix the moment of this transition. A critical analysis of the contents of the program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" is conducted in the paper. The content of the categories "digital platform" and "digital ecosystem" is disclosed. Certain provisions regulating the conditions for implementing the digital transformation of economic systems are given. It is noted that the present stage is marked with the formation of the theoretical and methodological basis of the digital economy; insufficient attention is paid to the issues of the digital development of individual branches of social production, including agriculture. The paper argues that certain limitations on achieving the potential for the digitization of agriculture are imposed by the current structure of the agrarian sector of the economy of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is highly necessary to adopt a state strategy to overcome the information backwardness of the agrarian sector and the formation of basic conditions for the initiation of the digital transformation of the most technologically advanced economic entities of the agrarian sector and the industry as a whole. The paper provides a list of basic information management tasks, the solution of which would create prerequisites for transferring agriculture to digital technologies, along with the principles reflecting the basic provisions of the formation of digital agriculture. The paper provides a directional digitalization model, which assumes active regulatory influence of the state on the processes of designing and developing industry digital platforms and ecosystems and the formation of macroeconomic conditions for creating and introducing digital technologies into business practice.

The article states that the model of rural economy and rural area development formed in the Russian Federation as a result of transition of the economic paradigm is in deep controversy with actual interests and needs of considerable share of rural population and agricultural producers. The need is reasoned for designing prospective models of balanced territorial and sectoral development of regional agro-food complexes taking into account the specific features of agrarian structure of a region, conditions of development level of agricultural production and rural areas, and aimed at creation of the conditions promoting food security of the country, growth of the efficiency of using the rural development potential, mitigation of controversies between the subjects of agrarian relations and balance of their economic interests. The expediency of using such models as part of the deepening the differentiated approach to the development of rural areas, as stated in the "Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation – 2030," is pointed out. It is noted that the designed models of balanced territorial-sectoral development of regional agro-food complexes will be a formalized description of the conceptual provisions that determine the evolution of agro-economic systems at the regional level, differentiated according to the structure of the agrarian sector and the development level of agriculture and rural areas, under the conditions of increasing social responsibility of agribusiness, as well as reflecting the state's place as a natural macro-regulator in the process management system of rural development and allowing assessing the economic and social implications of alternative scenarios for the development of agro-economic systems.

Based on the materials of the group of joint-stock companies of agricultural business, the characteristics reflecting the implementation of private property instruments implemented in joint-stock companies aimed at ensuring the economic interests of owners, founders, and investors that stimulate initiative and entrepreneurship are considered.

A feature of the current stage of development of national economy is the overcoming of national borders and the formation of the world economic system, which is accompanied not only by positive effects but also identified the problem of food security. The author believes that food security should be considered as a global problem requiring management approaches adapted to the existing challenges. The effectiveness of control measures is achieved primarily by scientific understanding and understanding of the processes taking place with the development of basic management models, as an alternative of which the author proposes to consider the model of investment and innovation balanced interaction. This article is devoted to the substantiation of the essence, interrelations of the category "food security", approaches to the strategic management of food supply in connection with the quality of life of the population.

Modern transformations in the global economy radically changed the food supply system of the population, necessitating the formation of a new agrarian policy and the implementation of a system of tactical and long-term strategic state measures. Scientifically based economic and agricultural policy is the most important condition for stabilization and effective development of the agro industrial complex, the factor of growth of well-being of the population and ensuring a food security of any state. The main goal of the agricultural policy is to create the institutional conditions that would allow producing a competitive product and enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. The authors tried to search the inconsistencies in the implementation of institutional reforms in the agricultural sector on the example of the Russian Federation. Based on works of outstanding theorists of institutional science (A. Pigou and R. Coase), two directions of institutional reforms have been identified. The authors show the distinctions of these directions and possible ways of practical realization of them in the agricultural sector. The problem of weak market power of traditional producers of agricultural raw materials is revealed. The transition to ecological agriculture is able to increase the market power of agricultural producers in the reproduction process that would automatically lead to better balance of income distribution between main actors in the reproduction process, while improving the quality of products for the consumers.

The paper focuses on interstate cooperation of enterprises, networks, and infrastructure in the promising sectors of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU countries, considering it as an objective process of economic development, which aims to increase the mutually beneficial activities and gain competitive advantages in the agricultural market for the free promotion of goods, technologies, means of labor, capital, etc. The level and dynamics of development of the agrarian sector is also addressed in the paper, which to a large extent determine the growth potential of related industries, resources for the agro-industrial complex, processing industry, and the agri-food market.

The article provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the employment situation in the rural areas of the Russian Federation. It presents the dynamics of employment levels and general unemployment of the rural population in the period of 2000-2017. The groupings of the subjects of the Russian Federation by the levels of employment of the rural population and the general unemployment in rural settlements are given, indicating a large regional differentiation. The features of the rural labor market in Russia are revealed, under which accounting for the unemployed according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization distorts the perception of the real scale of rural unemployment. The gap between general and registered unemployment is shown, indicating that the majority of rural unemployed are outside the state-regulated labor market. The problem of material support for the unemployed is analyzed. The main goal of the state employment policy in the rural territories of Russia and the main organizational and economic mechanisms to achieve it have been formulated.

A rating of the regions of Russia on the use of the potential of rural areas is presented in the paper. The method is based on aggregation of indicators reflecting the results of agricultural production and the provision of resources per 1 hectare and 1 person. According to the rating score, there are regions that rationally use their potential in agricultural production (Bryansk, Belgorod regions, and the Republic of Tatarstan) and regions that poorly use the development potential of rural areas. The group of outsiders included both regions located in regions climatically unfit for large-scale agricultural production, and regions inefficiently using human (Ivanovo region) or land resources (Orenburg region). Irrational use of resources in rural areas is also due to the predominant development of small forms of management, characterized by a low level of mechanization of labor processes, low land.

The increase in agricultural production and food production in excess of regulatory needs, ensuring food security in Russia led to the expansion of agricultural exports and the change in the course of development of the agro-industrial complex from import substitution to export-oriented production. However, access to the world food markets requires producers of high quality products, its certification in accordance with international standards. The article shows the resource potential, the possibilities of Russian producers in the production of environmentally friendly products, the development of organic agriculture, the use of bio-intensive technologies, as well as the problems of ecological agriculture, the mechanisms of their solution on the example of the Altai territory.

The global challenges that many countries will face in the near future, including Russia, require transforming their economies, searching for windows of opportunities, and adapting to new conditions. The plant growing industry is one of the main sectors for the country's economy, as it ensures its food security. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify the key global trends, i.e. the direction in which the world market for crop production is moving, as well as how demand and supply for it could change in the future. The purpose of this work is to identify key challenges and "windows of opportunity" for the plant industry, including seed production and organic farming, which will be divided into several groups: economic, social, technological, and environmental, as well as in the following areas: technology and market conditions. To achieve this goal, the following aspects are reviewed in the paper: global trends, challenges and threats in the crop industry, windows of opportunities for Russia, and promising markets for crop technology. The study reveals that the main trends in the scientific and technological development of the industry are the following: biologization, informatization, urbanization, and robotization. Moreover, due to population growth, the shift in demand for organic products, the unevenness of people living in the city and rural areas, etc. are also the emerging challenges to be addressed.

The paper is devoted to the actual issue of finding ways to increase export potential of the AIC sectors, taking into account the accumulated and well-studied international experience. It is noted that Russia has a very large agricultural potential, and it could be developed through increasing Russia's exports. Key challenges are analyzed, and highly valuable recommendations are provided in the paper.

The article suggests measures and ways to improve the system of agricultural management at the Ffederal level that meet the challenges of the "new normality" associated with the world economic and financial crises, economic and political sanctions of the Western countries against Russia that have a potential to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, adaptation of agricultural producers to these conditions, increase the food security of Russia. The study focuses on the agrarian sector as the main component of the agro-industrial complex. The management of the agro-industrial complex is considered in the context of the uncertainty of the functioning of agriculture, the impact of negative processes on the structure and functions of national regulatory bodies that require further research and deepen research on the theoretical issues of managed socio-economic development of agriculture, the development of universal theoretical principles for the formation of agrarian sector management systems under the leadership federal governing body with a clear vertical coordination "the federal center - regions - municipalities." Forms of management in the agro-industrial complex of the country with division of powers and functions allowing to solve the arising problems on protection of national interests of Russia which concern questions of ensuring food security and agricultural production are also considered.

An assessment of the level of technological development of the crop industry of the Russian Federation is provided in the paper. The necessity of technological development of crop production is determined by the need to ensure food security of the country. The importance of norms in the process of predicting technological development of crop production is described. To improve the management of the crop sector development at different levels of management, a system of norms and standards has been developed, the use of which in the process of forecasting would contribute to the acceleration of its technological development of the crop industry in market conditions. The system includes a set of scientific and methodological documents, containing a systematic list of material, technical, labor, and other norms and standards, characteristics of the norms and standards included in the list, organizational and methodological approaches to their creation and application. For active use and implementation of the developed System in production, as well as for the possibility of filling the System with specific standards in electronic form, a computer program "Snin-agro" was created. The use of the computer System and program contributes to the improvement of state regulation of the country's economy, technological development of the industry, significantly increases the economic and social effect, and thus increase the level of food security of the country.

The article analyzes the main theoretical approaches to the concept of "economic mechanism." It is concluded that the elements of the economic mechanism, affecting the intermarket segment of the agri-food market and the market for innovations, accelerate industry development. The innovative development of the industry is affected by the application of organizational, regulatory, informational, production, personnel measures. The choice of specific methods and tools of the economic mechanism depends on the sectoral features, the level of sectoral innovation development.

The purpose of this work is to study migration processes in rural areas. We consider rural migration as a multidirectional social process of moving people across the borders of rural territories in the form of emigration (departure) and immigration (arrival), due to external and internal factors of the socio-economic life of the population. The article discusses the features of migration processes in rural areas. The relationship between rural migration and agricultural production is shown. The proposed measures of state migration policy are discussed in the paper.

The need to determine the degree and nature of government intervention in the activities of agricultural organizations, the organization of production management in general, and certain types of products determine the relevance of research topics. Using a level approach to the concept of "board", the main features of the organization, industry, territory, and state management are highlighted.

Relationships between the dairy cattle breeding industry with processing enterprises are considered. The paper analyzes the dynamics of prices. The interrelation of prices in the production of milk between the participants of the production technological chain is presented in the form of a "vicious circle" of price increases. The resolution of the price problem is possible due to the innovative development and production of dairy products with lower costs.

The article examines theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the term "digitalization", substantiates the relevance of digitization of agriculture and digitalization of industry management at the federal and regional levels, describes the possibilities and prospects of the Systems of State Information Support in the Field of Agriculture (SSIS A) created by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, outlines its goals creation, describes the architecture of the individual components of the System, its main functions, as well as the place of the SSIS A in the provision on their base of states of agricultural services in the Russian Federation.

The study of economic security in the context of the intensification of integration processes is relevant in modern conditions, due to the openness of the economic system and its integration into the world economy. Considering integrated associations, such as EAEU, SCO, BRICS, etc., one can talk about the supranational level of economic security. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical provisions for the formation of a mechanism to ensure the economic security of agricultural producers operating in the EAEU. It was proposed to take into account the priority in supplying the missing types of agricultural raw materials and food to the EAEU partner countries, taking into account their production specialization, which would improve their food security.

The purpose of the work is to study the effectiveness of breeding work in dairy cattle breeding. The main indicators of efficiency in dairy cattle breeding are systematized, specific indicators for dairy cattle breeding are highlighted. Analysis of the dynamics of milk production showed the dependence of the development of the industry on government support measures, allowed to extract reserves for production growth. It was concluded that in terms of productivity per cow per year, the Sychevsk and brown Schwyz breeds are inferior to the Holstein breed, but the duration of use, the service period and the output of calves in Holstein breed are much lower. The lifetime productivity of these breeds was calculated. It is concluded that the genetic potential is not fully disclosed in any breed.

Actual problems all over the world now are certainly the achievement of effective and sustainable development of the country's agricultural production and import substitution. So, enterprises have tasks in terms of optimal and low-cost use of resources and planning their use and on organizing financing. The article is devoted to IT-technologies that open up new opportunities for the use of existing resources in the agricultural sectors. Thus, it was shown that it is through the development and improvement of the available technological base and the introduction of new information development that agricultural production is developing at an intensive pace and reaches new heights.

The article deals with the issues of state support of investment development on the agricultural sector of the Russian economy. Based on the method of statistical groupings in the study, a disproportion in the distribution of state support for agricultural producers was revealed. The analysis of state support measures in agriculture showed that the mechanism of subsidizing the interest rate on investment loans for the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment is mainly used. At the same time, subsidizing the interest rate on loans remains insufficient to expand the ability of agricultural producers to acquire innovative technology. The study adopted the methodology of Rosstat for the analysis of investment processes. In the sample of agricultural producers were large, medium, and small farms, which allowed identifying the main problems, the solution of which would contribute to the expansion of state support aimed at ensuring the flow of long-term capital in the industry. And on this basis will give stimulus to the investment development of agriculture. The research recommends to move to the use of measures of uncoupled support for investment development of agriculture. This is especially important in the context of economic sanctions, when limited opportunities to attract long-term capital to the industry from foreign markets of financial resources.

The aim of the study is to substantiate the strategic parameters of the development of the agro-industrial sector in the region. In accordance with it, the need to develop a strategy based on inertial, local innovation and the system innovation development scenarios is substantiated. The features of each of the scenarios were determined, relating to the rate of increase in production, as well as the satisfaction of regional needs for these products. The analysis of forecast scenarios for the development of agricultural sectors was carried out on the example of dairy cattle breeding, which showed that the potential created by this industry in the Tambov region is sufficient to implement an innovative approach to solving technological problems of increasing production efficiency.

The formation of a common agrarian market and the development of effective mechanisms for its regulation are the main goals of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The article describes the main directions and mechanisms for regulating the general agrarian market, implemented by the EAEU on the basis of a coordinated agro-industrial policy: government support, development of uniform requirements in the production and circulation of products, formation of a pricing system, a single forecasting system, an integrated information system of the agro-industrial complex. The effectiveness of implemented measures to regulate the agrarian market is assessed, the main obstacles hindering the integration processes in the EAEU and the formation of a single agrarian market: non-compliance with the national interests of the EAEU countries, determined by the specific nature of the agro-industrial complex development of the participating countries, lack of over-national programs on the implementation of measures to form a single agrarian market, financed from the general budget of the EAEU, and administrative barriers.

The article is devoted to the history of legislative regulation of agricultural cooperation in Russia. The authors emphasize that agricultural cooperation is in demand due to the fact that agriculture has always played an important role in our country. In addition, cooperation has a rich unifying potential, which can be used in different conditions and situations. The experience of cooperative development in the early twentieth century is analyzed. It was noted that at that time, agricultural cooperation did not play a significant role in comparison with other forms of cooperation. The experience of legislative regulation of agricultural cooperation in the period of the new economic policy has been studied. It is noted that the Soviet government attached special importance to the development of this form of cooperation, saw in it the method of collectivization of agriculture. Agricultural cooperation also played other functions, giving out loans to the population and doing educational work. Members of agricultural cooperatives received benefits through collective processing of goods and their sale, as well as through wholesale purchases. Also in the article, the bases of modern legislative regulation of agricultural cooperation are shown. The principles on which modern agricultural cooperation is built and which are fixed in the current legislation are considered. The article concludes that agricultural cooperation has a great potential, it allows small producers to compete more successfully with large agroholdings, helps to fight the process of monopolization in the agricultural sector. But one legislative definition of the legal norms governing the creation and operation of cooperatives is not sufficient for its full development. Agricultural cooperation needs state support, both financial in the form of tax incentives, and ideological. We need propaganda of ideas and ideals of the cooperative movement.

The relevance of the research topic is explained by the fact that agriculture belongs to high-risk production, and the modern agrarian sector of the economy requires qualitatively new young professionals who can be not only production technologists, but also entrepreneurs with marketing and production management. This article poses the problem that it is necessary to update the structure of the formation of an effective mechanism for staffing the agricultural sector of the economy in the context of globalization and integration through the pedagogical conditions of forming the motivation of students in agricultural universities. Currently, when preparing qualified personnel for the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary to focus on improving the competence and innovative activity of students. Insufficient study of students' satisfaction with the activities of universities in modern conditions has led to high relevance and the need for this study within the university. The motivation of learning activities is quite widely studied and covered in the scientific-periodical literature, and the satisfaction of students with learning activities is little studied. The lack of knowledge of this issue predetermined the choice of the direction of research by the method of L. V. Mishchenko, where the goal is to clarify the views of students and the development of practical recommendations for improving the activities of the university. The method includes 7 scales and 70 questions of statements of emotional and evaluative nature and the presented answers (wrong, perhaps wrong, right and perhaps true). The article analyzes the level of satisfaction of students with the activities of the university, summarizes the main trends in quantitative and qualitative changes, analyzes the current mechanism as an institution for the formation of highly qualified personnel for the agro-industrial complex of the region.

The main product of higher education is a young specialist of an educational institution, the preparation of which consumes significant financial resources. In this regard, the relevance of the formation of operational, reliable, and complete indicators of student labor activity in-creases. Obtaining operational, reliable, and complete indicators of satisfaction of students with senior university activities, as well as analysis of these indicators and the formation of indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational process serves as a basis for identifying and forecasting the labor activity of students, forming a list of popular areas and specialties, including adjustments to educational programs. The article discusses the motivation of students of the Agrarian University, as a prerequisite for the manifestation of the intrasectoral structure of employment and differences in its effectiveness, as well as the level of satisfaction with the knowledge gained in various types of activities. In order to improve the educational process and its methodological support, surveys of graduates and employers are held, exhibitions and conferences devoted to the problems of innovative technologies in agricultural education. The activity on the development of an independent personality among students, the formation of entrepreneurial spirit, and the disclosure of research talent, leadership qualities. A study of the level of satisfaction with the educational activities of the university, focused on the formation of research competence among students according to the methodology of L. V. Mishchenko showed high results of satisfaction with the activities of the university, namely 84%, with an average level of 11% and the lowest level of 5%. Studying at the university, future young professionals (farmers) should get the best in order to adapt to the conditions of real production, and this in turn affects the level of key competencies of the future graduate. The article substantiates the directions for increasing the prestige of the agricultural professions, increasing the informational level of students on the possibilities of self-realization in the agro-industrial sphere, and measures to be taken in order to increase the motivation of students during the period of study and the post-graduate period.

Improving the methodology for assessing the efficiency of management and land use of the agricultural sector of municipalities as a determining factor in the development of rural areas plays an important role in solving the problem of effective functioning of the agricultural territorial complex. Scientifically based assessment allows to analyze the efficiency of management and land use of the agricultural sector by ensuring the comparability of the results. The fairness and scientific validity of the evaluation results are important. The authors substantiate the expediency of applying a new methodological approach to the assessment of the efficiency of management and the use of lands of municipalities in practical analytical activity. The authors of the article developed and tested the method of assessing the efficiency of management and land use of the agricultural sector of municipalities in the region. This technique is based on the calculation of the efficiency of management and land use. The calculations were performed using a specially developed package of applications and cluster analysis. The proposed methodology makes it possible to identify effectively developing municipal entities of the region and ensures the comparability of the calculated indicators. This expands the possibilities and makes it more statistically correct to use the coefficient for a fair assessment of the work of the agrarian sector of municipalities.

The purpose of this article is to consider the traceability system from the standpoint of a tool for managing technologies for processing poultry products. The issues of quality and safety of poultry products are considered in the paper, along with the technology of slaughter, primary and deep processing of poultry meat and eggs. Authors also discuss the sequence of implementation of each stage of the technological process, identifying critical control points and causes of deviations from the regulatory parameters in the implementation of technological solutions. Violations of critical limits along the whole chain of the technological process of processing poultry products are among the main factors that reduce the performance of technologies for the implementation of relevant processes. As an effective tool in solving these problem areas, namely, improving the effectiveness of technological solutions, is a traceability system that allows one to develop corrective and preventive actions to eliminate the resulting deviations during slaughter, primary and deep processing of eggs and poultry meat.

Diversified development of rural areas now depends on the state of the service sector and the quality of social services provided, which, on the one hand, are aimed at meeting the social needs of rural residents and improving the infrastructure provision of territories, and, on the other, they contribute to the creation of new jobs in the countryside, increasing incomes and improving the quality of life for villagers. The purpose of this scientific work is to justify the need to restructure the rural economy with a focus on the development of the social services sector. The study used general scientific methods and techniques of a systematic approach, deduction and induction, analogy, statistical analysis. The study shows the increasing role of the service sector in the rural economy and presents, on the basis of expert evaluation, the results of providing the rural population with social services in the main sectors: education, health, culture, sports, personal services, catering, and trade. To create comfortable living conditions in rural areas, opportunities for diversified development of the social services sector in the following areas have been identified: activities, products, and technologies. The implementation of the designated diversification areas affecting all branches of the service sector will expand the range of services provided and modernize the forms and methods used to serve the rural population.

The article deals with the problems of modern land management and land use planning in the context of the new program of development of the country on the basis of the digital economy. Informatization of all branches of knowledge, caused by scientific and technological progress, determines the level of development of economic sectors, including land management. These and other reasons suggest the need to create a new concept of modern land management on the basis of its full digitalization.

The paper discusses topical issues in the field of agricultural cooperation between Russia and a number of countries in Africa. In particular, paper states that the current situation in the agro-industrial complex market can strengthen friendly relations with African countries, which is important in the conditions of tense relations between Russia and the West. A large number of African countries are members of the UN, and the Russian side can count on their support.

The paper shows that the main sign of the difference between scientific and technological development (STD) and progress (STP) is the degree of impact on the industry in which they occur, which us defined by the keywords "development" and "progress". In the first case, it is assumed that a transition from one state to another is indispensable, and it is only possible in the second one. Until recently, there is a lack of statistical information on "science and innovation activity" for agriculture as an independent industry. It is emphasized that to assess the level of agricultural development, first of all, it is necessary to apply economic indicators and criteria. Some researchers suggest using the "golden rule" for this purpose, which characterizes the development of the industry or organization. A proprietary version of this criterion is proposed. The completed study shows that the current problem of the pension system arose due to the authors ignoring its development of the scientific and technological progress in the country, as a result of which the living labor is being supplanted, wages are relatively reduced, and the ratio between pensioners and working citizens increases. Since the Pension Fund is formed at the expense of insurance premiums from accrued wages (fund of a payment, or FPW), the possibility of retirement benefits is quite naturally narrowed. The source of financing of the pension system should be a non-reducing wage (labor cost), and its result is the increasing value added.

In our country, with the transition to a market-oriented economy, the scientifically based farming systems with their rational crop rotations were violated, which intensified the process of soil fertility depletion. Accordingly, the cumulative damage from non-recoverable soil humus losses is rapidly growing and becomes quite comparable with the cost of crop production received from this land. The article substantiates the necessity of conducting an ecological and economic evaluation of the use of land in agriculture at the regional level. The proposed methodical approach to solving the problem of optimal allocation of crops and cattle-breeding industries is determined by the criterion of the most effective use of the basic means of agricultural production. The analysis of the use of arable land and the structure of cereal crops in all categories farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan was carried out. The results of the economic and environmental damage evaluation caused by the agricultural production of the region were presented. The results of the economic and environmental damage evaluation caused by the agricultural production of the region were presented. The calculation of ecological and economic efficiency of land use in agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan is presented in the paper.

The counter-sanctions imposed in 2014 by the Russian government have led to an artificial reduction in competition through the reduction of competitive pressure from foreign milk and dairy producers. Conditions of supply shortage led to a change in the behavior of milk producers both in terms of production volumes and the quality of the products. This paper describes changes of the Russian milk market on the example of the Moscow Region and the impact on this change of counter-sanctions, market conditions and scale of production.

The relevance of the research topic is connected with the need to modernize and innovate the development of the agricultural sector in the context of the ongoing globalization of the world economy and the tasks of import substitution in Russia. Digital technologies have not yet reached all rural areas, which is a problem for the development of the digital economy in our country. There is a lag in the implementation of innovative products and agricultural projects from the industrial complex. This is primarily due to the lack of state financing and strict regulations of the relations existing in the agro-industrial complex. The formation of innovative systems at the level of territories (regions) cannot but include the agro-industrial complex in the system of management of innovations and investments of the region. The sectoral aspect of the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex is associated with the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets for 2013-2020. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need for the growth of intensive introduction of innovative products in the agro-industrial sector based on the interrelationships of territorial and sectoral forms of managing innovative development of the agro-industrial complex, since the agro-industrial sector is vital for the population and ensuring food and economic security. The authors demonstrate the problems of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex, present their own vision on the concept of the innovation system, including innovative products, innovative projects, innovative activities, and the innovative system of the agro-industrial complex. The sectoral and territorial (regional) aspects of innovation activities in the framework of the agro-industrial complex of the Voronezh region are considered. Certain features of the management of innovative development in these areas are analyzed. Conditions stimulating the formation of an innovation system of the agro-industrial complex are given, and a number of reasons explaining the lag in the innovative filling of the agricultural sector are also addressed in the paper.

The article discusses the development of open field vegetable growing and features of the existing state support for the industry. In particular, the authors analyze the data on the acreage vegetable crops of the All-Russian Agricultural Census for 2016 and systemic changes over 10 years. For agricultural organizations producing vegetables, the break-even volume of production is calculated. It was concluded that mainly small-scale production of vegetables in household farms restrains innovative development of the industry.

The relevance of the topic of this study is determined by the necessity to research, characterize, analyze, and evaluate the effectiveness of the digitalization aspects implemented in the food retail trade practice. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the existing digitalization elements used by the main food retail trade participants. Among the main participants of this market, the author considers trade networks of federal and regional levels, food retail Internet operators, niche food retail companies, and agrologistic operators. The author came to the conclusion that the further growth of the e-commerce market in Russia will be due to the active participation in the food categories sales. The introduction of adequate digital technologies and tools into the practice of trade business processes can have a positive impact on improving the efficiency of trading activities in general. The methods of this study include grouping, systematization, and classification.

The agro-industrial complex is currently under intensive development. The processes occurring in the modern economic community require new solutions and approaches related to the integration processes in the agricultural sector. The analysis of statistical data shows the positive dynamics in the development of the agro-industrial complex. The establishment of sustainable economic relations provide a synergistic effect that would be generated through the rational use of available resources, the use of scientific research and the expansion of international relations.

In the historical perspective, systems for growing food plants have changed in accordance with the development of the technological structures of humanity. The transition from growing plants in open ground with practically unregulated natural conditions to semi-enclosed (industrial greenhouses, vertical farms, phytotech complexes) with an increase in the proportion of controlled microclimatic parameters allowed to achieve an increase in plant productivity. The logic of further social development leads to an understanding of the need to create and use closed tehnobioecosystems of the synergotron class for food production with a a high content of biologically active substances and to save production resources. The paper presents a review of the history of the development of views and concepts of using biological and technical knowledge in the Agrarian Science and production with the purpose to improve the efficiency of agricultural production of open and protected soils, as well as the emergence of new approaches associated with the creation of closed tehnobioecosystems of the synergotron class based on developing digital technologies applied to agricultural science and innovative agricultural production.

The paper critically reviews the conceptual approaches existing in contemporary additional education in the agro-industrial complex. In particular, employer's personal strategies are discussed in current conditions.

In the modern market community, the issues of providing state support for agriculture, as well as the effective use of budgetary funds, are of particular relevance. The agro-industrial complex is a significant socio-economic priority for the development of the state. Currently, agriculture has a low yield, which depends on the climatic conditions and the seasonal nature of production. Agriculture is slower than other industries, adapting to the changing economic situation.

The article analyzes the current state of development of agricultural production in Uzbekistan for the period of agrarian reforms, which resulted in the formation of a class of owners in the field of agro-industrial complex, developed farmer and dekhkan farms, agrofirms, processing enterprises. For the further development of the agrarian market, it is necessary to form economic incentives for the development of production. The solution of this problem will allow to ensure the efficiency of the system of distribution of agricultural products, to make agricultural production a technological and competitive, stable exporter of agricultural products. In recent years, there have been positive changes in the growth of production and consumption of basic foodstuffs, their assortment is expanding, and the quality of products is improving. However, there are many factors hindering the development of the industry: the insecurity of enterprises with raw materials, the imperfection of the system of mutual settlements between enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, the increase in energy prices and transportation tariffs, etc. The agro-industrial complex of Uzbekistan has been tasked not only to consolidate the progress achieved, but also to ensure the growth of agricultural production and increase its competitiveness.

The purpose of the article is to develop a conceptual model of the use of the mechanism of the digital economy in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research methodology is based on the application of a systematic approach to the study of socio-economic phenomena and processes. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that radical reforms are needed for the development of the digital economy in Uzbekistan. The current stage of development of the digital economy in Uzbekistan is in a period of formation and is characterized by a high dynamics of development. It is necessary to introduce innovative services. The development strategy of the digital economy should take into account the experience of advanced foreign countries, especially Korea. Revolutionary changes in the global financial system associated with the growth of electronic payment services, cryptocurrency, and lending without intermediaries are also covered.

Economic transformations, globalization, and localization of the world socioeconomic systems, the desire to institutionalize current processes in society have changed the perception of economic activity tasks by the business entities, approaches to their solution, motivation, norms and skills of rational management, ethical standards, etc. This determines the relevance of the research on this topic. The main theoretical approaches to rational human behavior in terms of economic theory and management are summarized. The rational behavior is analyzed in terms of the individual and organization. Conclusion about the limited rationality of the Russians are made.

The article presents a methodology for comparative assessment of the state and regulation of rural territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of socio-economic development. Within the scope of the research, the paper developes evaluation criteria and indicators for analyzing the level and dynamics of rural development, on the basis of which the authors propose the differentiation and typology of rural territories.

Agriculture is one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy. Along with the important social significance of the agricultural sector, its role in ensuring the growth rate of the economy as a whole and the foreign economic activity of the country is increasing. At the same time, the development of the agricultural sector is under the influence of both global and internal challenges. As a result of the study, it was found that the current level of differentiation of the population in terms of income and, accordingly, the level of food consumption retain the potential for the development of domestic agriculture due to domestic demand. More than that, they are subject to the growth of household income and the reduction of inequality. As this task is accomplished, the possibility of supplying food for export will become increasingly important for the development of the industry. At the same time, measures will be required to regulate agriculture as part of the industry development programs developed for the upcoming period, which would reduce the risks associated with climate change and adverse weather conditions, technological threats, and a number of others.

The article presents the results of research on the development of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex based on the introduction of modern systems in the field of identification of production, movement, and sale of agricultural raw materials and goods. The authors describe the economic effects that are created through the use of digital traceability platforms for agriculture. At the same time, the article also points out to the problem areas that impede the full-scale use of the described tool for digitization of agriculture. The description of the targets for creating digital platforms for agricultural traceability, formed by the expert community in the framework of the development of the departmental project "Digital Agriculture," is also provided in the paper.

The article presents approaches to understanding the main problems of the development of digital agriculture in Russia. The author, on the basis of observations on the implementation of the state agrarian policy at the federal level, notes the key problems of digitization of agriculture and presents his view on possible scenarios of digital transformation of agriculture. The author's interpretation of the concept "Digital agriculture" is also provided in the paper.

The article describes the main trends in the consumption of milk in Russia. The state of the milk market is characterized by a mismatch between production and consumption. The consumption of milk and dairy products is characterized by an increase in the production of healthy dairy products, fortified, dairy, organic products, the impact of the share of imports on the demand for domestic milk and dairy products, the effect of solvency on the demand for dairy products.

In this article, the transition to a digital economy is considered both in terms of integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, in which the Russian Federation is the system integrator, and in the context of globalization, when there is a competition between the two global digital giants: China and the US. At the same time, along with a general assessment of the transition to a digital economy in Russian agriculture, both Russia's place in the global digital transformation and the preliminary results of monitoring the global technological trends in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation in the "great digital revolution" phase, which is noted by S. Yu. Glazyev.

In the context of limited budgetary funds to support agriculture, the scientific substantiation of the volume of state support for agriculture, the development of recommendations for the adaptation of areas and mechanisms for providing subsidies to the modern conditions of the economic mechanism of the industry are necessary. It has been established that the choice of directions and mechanisms of state support, as well as the rationale for the amount of benefits that should be provided to economic entities both in the form of direct budget support and other benefits in the framework of indirect support in the form of benefits and other preferences are the main factors determining the effectiveness of budgetary support of agriculture. The main shortcomings of the existing directions and mechanisms of state support for agriculture are revealed: insufficient budget allocations allocated to support agriculture, annual changes in the conditions for providing state support, the use of inefficient mechanisms for distributing subsidies from the federal budget to budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Proposals are formulated to substantiate the amount of budget allocations allocated for the implementation of program activities, based on ensuring guaranteed profitability of producers. Using the example of dairy cattle breeding, the volume is calculated for the budget financing of the industry in 2019. The need is justified by the structural modernization of the industry, the expansion of measures to stimulate demand for food products.

This article discusses the relationship of ICT with the need for lifelong learning and the development of the professional potential of the faculty of the Higher School. The goal of the paper is to present a mechanism for developing the professional potential of the faculty of the Higher School.

Subject / topic: In this paper, a study was conducted of the influence of the "triple loop" model on the Higher School, the university architecture of the organization. The role of convergent technologies in the educational environment and their relationship with the knowledge system, approaches, potential and communication of SCBIN technologies with the knowledge management system is discussed. In particular, the research explores IT and cognitive technologies that form a new space in higher education and provide ways to master it. In the paper, the authors also consider the role and influence of the "triple loop" model on the high school, along with the main tool for implementing SCBIN technologies.

The principal provisions of the organization of the remuneration of managers and specialists of agricultural organizations are discussed in the article. The main functional responsibilities of the managers and chief specialists of crop and livestock are marked. The dynamics of the number and labor costs of these workers is presented for the five years, covering 2011-2015. Indicators of the level of wages and labor productivity of managers and specialists, as well as profitability of sales, are evaluated as a criterion of the effectiveness of their activities. Author's proposal on the coefficients of the wage levels of certain groups of specialists is given, which is aimed at the objectivity of assessing their work in the economy.

The rational use of water resources is considered as one of the main problems facing the humanity in the 21st century. The peculiarity of this situation lies in the fact that the water resources of the country that account for the smallest share of their use are used most efficiently. Most inherent issues in this direction are applied to agriculture. The task is to develop modern economically verified technologies that would an ensure uninterrupted water supply of agriculture in various regions, which is one of the tools to ensure global food security, especially in the context of climate anomalies.

The nature of the variability of the population structure of green toads (Bufo danatensis Pis.) depending on the natural and anthropogenic differentiation of landscapes is a prerequisite for solving the problems of protection and utilization of biodiversity. Today, the problem of disturbing natural ecosystems due to human activity is the most pressing one. The paper presents an analysis of the population of green toads (Bufo danatensis Pis.) living in the Pamir-Alay mountain system, southwestern regions of Tien Shan, eastern part of the Fergana Valley. This population is of value for the ecosystem of the studied territories and its natural population, which proves variability if species depending on the terrain elevation. In order to perform morphometric and phenetic analysis of Bufo danatensis populations, the series of 40-90 species of the same size group in various landscape zones were used, preserved in 4% formalin. Capture and observations were performed in the daytime and at night time, depending on the nature of diurnal activity. We have determined the body weight (M), body length (L), length of thigh (F), length of second thigh (T), length of the first (inner) finger of a hindlimb (D.p.), total length of the inner calcaneal tuber (C.int.l.), and the height of the calcaneal tuber (C.int.h.). We have calculated proportions used in Anura taxons: L/T, F/T, D.p./C.int.l., T/C.int.l., C.int.h./C.Int.l. We have determined the features of tuberosity, as well as the features of the pattern on the limbs (on the forelimbs - antibrachium, on the hindlimbs - second thigh) for a green toad. The maculation on the belly and throat, as well as features of a dorsal stripe were individually assessed. The measurements were carried out with a caliper with an accuracy of 0.1 mm; 219 specimens of a green toad were treated. The paper contains an analysis of morphometric and phenetic structures of green toads in various landscape zones of the Pamir-Alay. Following the results of research, it was found that the difference between populations of green toads in terms of body size and a dorsomedial stripe in various altitudinal belts is highly significant; in addition, a wedge-like variability has been identified.

The article shows that apricot plants in the South of Kyrgyzstan are wide spread in the Batken Region. This region is favorable for growing apricots sold both in the domestic and in the foreign markets. It is here where they cultivate many varieties of apricots which are subsequently exported in dried form to CIS and non-CIS states. Heat-resistant and drought-resistant rare varieties of apricots are cultivated in the Batken Region, such as: Kandak, Mirsanjeli, Khurmai, Subkhoni, Babai, Akhrori, Arzami, Isfarak, Kursadyk, Ak Uriuk (Sovetskiy). 22 species of insect pests of apricot plants were found; they are conveniently classified into five orders. The dominant pests of apricot plants are as follows: apricot seed wasps (Eurytoma samsonovi Vass.), plum seed wasps (Eurytoma schreineri Schr.), apricot snout-beetle (Rhynchites auratus ferghanensis News.), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), casebearer (Coleophora hemerobiolla Fil.), European leaf roller (Archips rosana L.), acacia lecanium - (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche). The most common apricot diseases in the climate of the Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan are shot-hole disease (Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh.), frostly pod rot (Monilia cinerea Bon.), bacterial blight (Gummi.), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.), twig die-back (Cytospora arphosperma Fr.).

At the present time, the prerequisites for intensification of the regional economic systems' development are being created in the Russian higher education system. The article deals with the issues of modernization of the flagship universities, reflected in their development programs. A hypothesis has been put forward that the development of flagship universities would adequately correspond to the regional agenda, while ensuring the sustainable development of both the university and the region as a whole. It becomes possible with a more detailed study of the components of the social and economic potential of the regions and the development and implementation of strategic projects of flagship universities aimed at developing the natural and resource regional potential, taking into account the effects of transforming universities into centers of innovation, technological and social development of the regions.

The article presents the problems of the formation of public-private partnership in the field of public transport services in the Russian Federation. The risks of the participants of the agreement on public-private partnership are considered. As the most priority mechanism for implementing public-private partnerships in public transport services, the project financing is analyzed, which is based on the formation of a specialized company and the use of various sources of public-private partnership financing. The principles of the agreement of public-private partnership in the sphere of public transport services are proposed.

The articles summarizes the experience the small innovative enterprise "Apiproduct" (Open Company SIP "Apiproduct") - the first Russian enterprise that manages a life cycle of the innovation apiproduct from drone larvae, and its introduction in the food industry for the enrichment of mass consumption products with high-grade protein, biologically active high-functional substances and complexes. The authors analyzed the key stages of the life cycle of the apiproduct that consist of the justification of the idea of utilization of products of the larval origin in the food industry, experimental scientific and practical research, technology of the apiproduct manufacturing in a powder form with the author's name "Bilar", and production of its pilot batch in the Open Company SIP "Apiproducts". The authors' technology of production of the apiproduct "Bilar" includes the following stages: cultivation, reception and grinding of larvae to biomass, sublimation vacuum drying of biomass and production of powder with a mass fraction of 2% moisture. To date, the Russian apiproduct "Bilar" passed the sanitary-hygienic examination and can be used in its pure form as a food processor, containing in addition to protein, vitamins b, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, additionally biotin, vitamins PP, 28 macro-and microelements, unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic), phenolic compounds with p-vitamin activity, 80 enzymes, biopolymers, growth factor, etc., that has a long shelf life due to removal of water from the structure. The practice of the SIP "Apiproduct" work demonstrates that manufacturing and introduction of this innovation product - apiproduct "Bilar" - to the market significantly increases the assortment and competitiveness of the enterprise.

The article raises one of the urgent problems of modern management related to the management of economic sustainability and its social development. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the prerequisites for the growth of life quality and its impact on the transactions and payments in the banking sector. The link between demand and supply of banking services contributes to the economic growth and sustainability of the country's economic and social development. The recommendations are justified by scientific research in this field, analytical reports of the Russian Bank. The authors' own point of view when substantiating the relationship between the life quality, demand and the state of banking services is based on the need for analysis and monitoring payments and adjustments to banking policy.

The last decades has been witnessed of the mass spruce stands drying up problem in different countries of the world. The investigation purpose consists in establishing influence of the growth conditions and the bark beetle, on the drying up of spruce forests. Forest stands of the coniferous-broadleaved (mixed) zone forests in Russian Federation served as an object of our researcb. Based on the results of the acts of pathologic inspection, it is established that the share of drying up spruce forests decreases with increasing soil fertility and moisture. The influence of the bark beetle was investigated on the basis of materials of three sample plots in stands of the green-moss spruce type of forest. We did not find traces of vital activities of the bark beetle by the drying spruce trees with a diameter at altitudes of 1.3 m to 14 cm fully, as well as with a diameter of 14 to 22 cm partly. The fact revealed is explained by the fact that these spruce trees have a thin bark which is not enough for the beetle laying inside of it the mother gallery, and the brood bark for subsequent feeding. The bark beetle is not the primary reason of the spruce forests drying in the Permsky Kray. It is necessary to conduct a much deeper study on this problem.

Since the first time of its exploration (1924), the Aldan District, being an administrative and territorial unit of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of the Russian Federation, has become one of the largest and most developed mining areas in Yakutia. Here deposits of molybdenum, uranium, iron, chemical raw materials, fluorite, phlogopite, construction materials, gems and semi-precious stones, as well as ground waters, are concentrated. Due to its unique richness in terms of its natural resources, the territory has been the subject of intense economic development, which could not but have negatively impacted the ecological situation in the natural environment including, in the first place, in the residential areas. A snow cover geochemical survey was carried out over the Aldan District in order to assess the changes in the geological environment (as an ecosystem component) under the influence of natural and technogenic factors. The studies covered an area of 8600 km2. The analysis of the total chemical composition of snow water as well as solid and soluble snow cover components not only allowed the background parameters to be characterised, but also made it possible to establish the distribution areas for the anomalous concentrations of pollutants as well as reveal the sources of their formation. Two large nodes of technogenic pollution having areas of 320 km2 and 220 km2 respectively were identified in the studied area along with a number of smaller sites. The mapped nodes and sites are formed as a result of the activities of mining complexes, transport enterprises and residential areas. On the basis of the results of the snow geochemical survey, it can be concluded that regional (long-range) pollution in the district is absent.

Scientific background of the energy-informational approach in the development of irrigation technologies, which is based on the principle of energy extremality of self-organization, and the law of survival is given. The paper notes that it is necessary to promote self-organizing processes in the system "plant - environment," when a significant solar irradiance (SI) mechanism of transpiration, due to the limited opportunities of disclosure of the stomata, does not perform fully its function of evaporative cooling, which leads to a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis and therefore plant productivity. The paper shows the relationship of the modes of transpiration irrigation with the advent of the energy of SI, and discusses some of the theoretical principles on which one could base modes of transpiration irrigation. In particular, we focus on the regularity of the influence of the process of transpiration on plant productivity, providing a speed increase photosynthesis and, consequently, its productivity.

It is noted that the process of transpiration in plants is characterized by randomness and determinism, which co-exist with the Random processes. Their properties are well described by methods of probability theory. Fractal structures having a total intra-group determinism and randomness is described by fractal analysis methods. The results of studies on fractal dimensions of seedling samples have similar values, indicating that homogeneity of the structure of the process of transpiration do not depend on the plant species. Selected deterministic component has a fractal dimension close to unity, which allows to ensure a high degree of determination of the obtained number. And close values of the variances of the centered random components of each process of the studied cultures refer to together with the same value, which is confirmed by a test of this hypothesis using the criterion Cochran. It is shown that the regularity of the homogeneity of the structure of a random process of transpiration for all studied plants allows to simplify the set of hardware requirements transpiration irrigation.

This study presents an analytical solution to the problem of determining the vertical modal structure of low-frequency atmospheric oscillations. This analytical solution is critically compared with the numerical solution of this problem known in the literature, and good agreement for vertical normal modes with the wave number less than 9 is found. Applicability of the analytical solution for diagnosing the atmospheric climate variability and the quality of its simulation by contemporary GCM is briefly discussed.

The relationship between the paleogeographic events of the Neogene and the Quaternary period on Lake Baikal with the formation of the faunistic complexes of fish, birds, and their parasites is analyzed in the article. The composition of fish parasites confirms that the representatives of endemic Baikal Cottoidei passed the most prolonged isolation in Baikal, and the fish of the boreal lowland complex settled the lake relatively recently and may have penetrated here repeatedly. The current composition of aquatic birds indicates the tense conditions of their habitat in the Baikal region in the Quaternary and the significant variability of their fauna in the Pleistocene climatic cycles due to the periodic colonization of Baikal by birds.

The paper is devoted to one of the most important directions of development of the system of higher education in the era of digitalization, i.e. the information technology training of future specialists. In this work, the need to improve the information technology training of bachelors and masters in the university is substantiated as one of the components of fundamental training of a modern specialist for the digital economy of Russia. On the basis of analysis of relevant theoretical, methodical, and technological approaches of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners to the issues of improving information and technological training of students in the university, the authors of the article: (i) consider the distinctive features of modern information technology training of students requiring close cooperation of higher education institutions with the labor market in order to promptly adjust the content of curricula in accordance with employers' requests, as well as to follow the concept of advanced education; (i) emphasize that, despite the digital transformation of educational process, changing forms, and methods of teaching, and competences, the most important requirement for the updated system of information technology training of students is to maintain its fundamental nature; (ii) emphasize the importance for future specialists to have programming skills, and their readiness to interact with information systems and technologies, as well as the ability to engage an independent and productive dialogue with computers, make decisions and perform assigned professional tasks and manage complicated automated complexes; (iii) justify and systematize the principles of selection of the content of information technology training for the higher educational establishments' students, taking into account the requirements of Federal State Educational Standards for the Higher Education (FSES HE), domestic and foreign standards in the field of information technology, as well as the concept of advanced education; (iv) offer a system of methodical and technological approaches to improving the information technology training of future specialists in the higher educational establishments using practice-oriented and optimization approaches, advanced education, and e-learning using distance education technologies.

The possibility of using the apiproducts of the larval origin from the drone larvae in the production of functional foodstuff, such as bakery, confectionery and honey products enriched with high-grade protein, biologically active high-functional substances and complexes that gave them therapeutic and prophylactic, and immune-modulating properties is substantiated in the paper. The recipes for the functional foodstuffs, such as the "Bilar-api" bread, "Pchelka" api-dragee, "Bilar" api-honney, "Bilar" api-honney with bee glue (propolis), enriched with apiproduct from the drone larvae have been developed. To impart an immune-modulating and functional effect to the products, the "Bilar" api-product with a high content of SH-groups, decenoic acids, vitamins, as well as flower pollen, honey, and bee glue in the form of a water-alcohol extract have been used. Preference for these substances has been given because phenolic compounds with P-vitamin activity, unsaturated compounds of isoprene nature, have antioxidant, and fungicidal impacts. They are manifested in their ability to protect the body from the destructive effect of various damaging factors (ionizing radiation, free oxidation radicals, reactive oxygen species, etc.). The "Bilar" powder has a major content of high-grade protein (50-51%), which contains all essential amino acids, and on lysine, tryptophan and histidine exceeds the level of ideal protein on the FAO/WHO scale by almost two times, on the fatty acid composition practically corresponds to the formula of balanced nutrition, vitamins, and decenoic acids (7.9%), as well as sulfhydryl compounds (1160.1 mg/%). Decenoic acid has pronounced antibiotic properties and antitumor effect, exerting an inhibitory effect on the malignant tumors. New functional food products were manufactured on the basis of traditional production technologies using sparing technological regimes and with utilization of apiproducts (the "Bilar" powder, pollen, etc.). Based on the results of the comprehensive study, the increase in the quality and quantity indicators of functional foodstuffs in comparison with control, the increase in biological and nutritional value, as well as improved organoleptic and physics and chemical parameters have been established.

The paper deals with the process of the apiproduct quality management, reflects the organization of its production and the factors that form and preserve the native properties of a highly biologically active product from the drone larvae. Possibility of the apiproduct manufacturing at the small innovative enterprise "Apiproduct" (SIE "Apiproduct" Ltd.) in two forms - as a paste and a powder - is demonstrated in the article. The main qualitative indicators - the organoleptic (color, taste, smell and consistency) and the physicochemical (mass fraction of water, proteins, fats, sugars, amino acids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals) ones have been studied. According to the results of the organoleptic tests of the paste and powder, it has been identified that these are the pasty and powdery substances of the light yellow with a pleasant bread taste, without any foreign tastes and smells; they completely dissolve in water, their pH is 5.8 ... 7.0, and they do not contain any mechanical impurities. According to the results of physical and chemical studies, it has been established that this is the paste with a solids content of 23.2%; it contains 13.2% of proteins, up to 9.5% of sugars and 1.2% of fats. It is established that the powder is characterized by a significant content of proteins (51.2%), vitamins and minerals, the content of which is 4 times higher than in the paste. The contained protein refers to a full-fledged one, and on the lysine, tryptophan and histidine it exceeds the level of ideal protein on the FAO/WHO scale by several times. The apiproduct contains up to 5% of fats and 28 higher fatty acids. The quantitative composition of fats practically corresponds to the formula of a balanced diet. The authors found that the factors shaping the quality of the apiproduct include raw materials and production technology. The author's technology for the production of the apiproduct "Bilar" includes the following stages: cultivation, reception and grinding of larvae to biomass, sublimation vacuum drying of the biomass and obtaining a powder with a mass fraction of moisture of 2%. It has been established that drying preserves biologically active substances (β-carotene and α-tocopherol) and biopolymers (proteins, lipids and sugars) by 98.8 ... 99.5%. The factors that preserve the quality of the apiproduct include packaging and storage.

The methodological approach to the study of the relationship between the natural agro-tourist potential of rural areas and the standard of living of the rural population is justified in the article. Methodology for estimating the natural agro-tourist potential of rural territories and the methodology for assessing the living standard of rural population of municipal districts are developed. In accordance with the proposed methodology, an assessment was made and the relationship was identified between the natural agro-tourist potential of rural areas and the level of life of the rural population. The higher assessment of natural potential shows the higher living standards of the rural population. At the same time, it was revealed that the effective implementation of high natural agro-tourist potential and the increase of the level of life of the rural population on this basis have a significant impact on the remoteness of rural areas from the regional center and the development of transport infrastructure.

The article substantiates a methodological approach to the formation of a mechanism for managing the transition to the sustainable development of natural and anthropogenic complexes in rural areas of the region, created as a result of grain production. A method of analyzing the level of impact of natural and anthropogenic complexes on natural landscapes and the level of socio-economic development of rural areas of the region has been developed. The methodology analyzed and proposed a set of measures aimed at creating a mechanism for managing the transition to sustainable development of natural and anthropogenic complexes in rural areas of the Omsk region.

The study focuses on the consideration of the formation methods of ecological consciousness of employees of the hotel enterprise. It is noted that the formation of environmental awareness among the staff is a priority in the implementation of ecotechnologies in the hotel, as they are able to significantly affect the effectiveness of their implementation. The survey shows that a significant part of the staff is not ready to sacrifice their comfort and change the time-fixed sequence of duties for the sake of the implementation of environmental policy. In this regard, a number of recommendations on possible formation methods of ecological consciousness in the management and line staff of hotels. The results of the study may be useful for practical application in hotels planning to implement or introduce eco-technologies.

The role of the natural resource capacity as a key factor of sustainable development in rural areas is actualized in the article. We point out that the development of a strategy for the sustainable development of rural areas is impossible without comprehensive accounting and assessment of the natural and climatic conditions of the functioning in the considered area. An analysis of the current state and development of the natural resource capacity in rural areas is made on the example of the Non-humus zone in the Republic of Bashkortostan. A detailed description of the climatic conditions at the regional level is given. The actual agricultural specialization and combination of crop and livestock sectors of agro-organizations is established taking into account the differentiation of natural resource and soil-climatic conditions and is caused by regional differences. It is affirmed that the Non-humus zone in the Republic of Bashkortostan has a great natural and resource potential, which, with effective use, makes it possible to ensure sustainable development of rural areas. The main part of the territory under consideration has sufficient bioclimatic and soil resources, which allow creating sustainable premises for the development of agricultural industries, the production of basic types of food. We concluded that natural and soil-climatic factors have a significant impact on the conditions of functioning of modern agriculture, which, in turn, directly affects the sustainable development of agro-organizations. We summarized that the design of the main options of the sustainable development strategy for rural areas of the Non-humus zone in the Republic of Bashkortostan should directly take into account the specific features of the development of the natural and resource capacity of the area.

The article presents the results of a study of the surface-active properties of tin ore wastes due to their impact on the environment and public health. The object of the study is the ore dressing waste from the closed mining enterprise "Solnechny GOK" of the Khabarovsk region of the Far Eastern Federal District. Sodium oxalate, Trilon B, methylene blue, sodium humate were used as sorbates. Methods of establishing the fact of interaction of waste with sorbates focused on the discoloration of colored complexing agents in the presence of waste. The use of titrimetric methods allowed us to establish the number of reaction centers of waste. To determine the nature of the active centers of the waste, foam quenching formed by anionic and non-ionic surfactants was applied. The effect of the molar mass and the structure of sorbates on the nature of their interaction with the surface of the waste is shown. Low molecular weight sorbates promote the formation of soluble complexes of heavy metal compounds and contamination of groundwater. High molecular polydentate complexing agents form surface films. The revealed physicochemical properties will make it possible to predict an increase in the probability of contamination of groundwater with low molecular weight organic complexing agents, as well as the probability of a better fixation of soil on waste in the presence of high molecular weight organic substances of the soil absorption complex.

The paper is devoted to the issue of developing environmental education in Russia with the purpose of ensuring sustainable development of social and natural environments. In particular, the papers focuses on the place of environmental education in the educational system of Russia, discusses main provisions of the federal state educational standards, very briefly reviews the key challenges to environmental education in Russia in the context of sustainable development, and analyses possible application of environmental education, for instance in education of children with limited health opportunities.

The article presents a long-term study of the features of technogenic water pollution within the influence of technogenic systems (tailings dams containing toxic heavy metal compounds). In this regard, the purpose of the work was to study the specifics of water pollution during the development of tin ore raw materials at the mining enterprise "Dalnegorsky GOKZ" of the Primorsky region to ensure its environmental safety. Based on the goal, the following tasks are formulated: (1) analysis, synthesis, and systematization of literature data on the problem; (2) assessment of the impact of waste stored in tailings on water and other environmental objects; (3) development of proposals for ensuring environmental safety of technogenic pollution. Research has established that the high toxicity of waste processing of tin ore raw materials stored in tailings dams located near mining villages, contributed to intensive pollution not only of the air basin, soil, vegetation (MPC excess was from 2 to 34 times), but also surface and groundwater (excess background readings were 5-9 times). On the basis of the conducted research, proposals were made to ensure the environmental safety of technogenic pollution.

This paper discusses the use of integrated monitoring of the territorial technosphere to collect primary environmental information for the work of the system of environmental and economic accounting and maintenance of the system of national accounts. An information-measuring system is given, which includes this subsystem and collects this information. It was proposed to integrate environmental factors of the territorial technosphere objects into environmental-economic groups depending on the similarity of the technological processes used at the territorial technosphere objects, production equipment, raw materials and materials, taking into account the standards for the cost of their environmental impact.

Improving the efficiency of environmental protection enterprises is the main task of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation until 2030 [1]. The possibility of improving the efficiency of enterprises spending funds on environmental protection measures is considered in the article due to the study and justification of environmental-economic groups as an objective response of the environmental management system to the modern economic model. It is shown that carrying out environmental protection measures, environmental monitoring of the state of the territorial technosphere, and identifying sources of environmental impact during the monitoring phase reduces the cost of environmental-economic groups and increases the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The formation of environmental and economic groups allows one to select appropriate environmental measures for various environmental factors of the enterprise, provides a transition to a modern system of environmental management, and contributes to the informatization of environmental management.

The optimal use of this agreement has great importance for countries with deep and comprehensive trade with Europe. The aim of the research is to study export potentials and factors which influence the growth of export of post-socialist and euro-integration supporting countries participating in this agreement. The aim of research is also to identify the importance of deep and comprehensive trade with the EU for economic development of the countries. The move to a new formulation led to the disruption of industrial forces in most of the countries, and also eliminated the traditional manufacturing fields in which these countries had a comparative and absolute advantage. The result is that the main problem of local producers is that most of them do not know the preferences that are given to the EU market, also, most manufacturers fail to produce the number of products that would satisfy the customer and most of the do not have quality certifying certificates. In order to improve the situation, the article provides the measures and marketing recommendations to be implemented by the country, which, we think, is common to those countries that have signed the free trade regime with Georgia and face similar problems.

This article is a philosophical reflection on the problem of transculturally, which in recent years has been raised in scientific publications in connection with the understanding of the role of culture, the dialogue of cultures in the emerging globalization space. The authors note that the comprehension of globalization processes increasingly raises the problem of transculturally, which they consider as a consequence of the development of the system "intercultural interaction - the dialogue of cultures - a political dialogue." Dialogue contributed to the fact that transculturally, towering above state borders, forms its new space. But what is this space? The article analyzes the phenomenon of transcultural space, which, according to the authors, is formed in the context of globalization. The phenomenon of transculturally, differing from intercultural interaction and dialogue of cultures, in the context of cultural globalization is realized through such universals as: transcultural, transculturation, transcultural process; transcultural interaction; transcultural space. If the transcultural process is a phenomenon of globalization, transculturation promotes cultural identification; the transcultural process assures the perception of value regulators of global culture. In turn, authors argue that the transcultural space is an ambivalent formation in which the dialogue of cultures develops into a political dialogue; it is also an ambivalent phenomenon that indicates the intersection of intro- and extra-culture, because culture already acts as a transcultural phenomenon. The realization of transcultural in the context of transcultural space is represented as the sphere of existence of three types of cultures: intra-culture, extra-culture, and bilingual culture. If intra-culture and extra-culture reveal themselves in the context of cultural dialogue, then, as the authors suggest, bilingual culture is a reflection of political, economic, cultural, social processes and phenomena. Thus, the transcultural space, emerging from the present, forms new realities for reflection in the future. This is especially important when analyzing the globalization and regionalization of social processes (including economic trade, agricultural and food markets, transfer of technologies, etc.).

The article presents the results of numerical modeling of the effect of various fuel supply options on the combustion processes behind the turbine profiles. The article considered three options for fuel supply. In the first option, (a) the fuel is supplied to the wide side of the profile; in the second option, (b) the fuel is sprayed directly into the recirculation zone formed between the plate and the profiles; in the third option, (c) the fuel is sprayed from the convex (back) part of the profile. On the basis of the analysis performed, it can be concluded that the profiles of the blades have rather high stabilization parameters. The best performance has the option of supplying fuel from the back of the turbine profile. This option provides the minimum concentration of nitrogen oxides, with all other factors being equal.

The grain complex of the agro-industrial complex of Russia (AIC) is considered in the article as the basic and strategic industry of the agro-industrial complex of the national economy. The grain sector is the basis for the sustainable functioning of the entire AIC. The problems of the development of the grain sector of the agro-industrial complex in the Russian Federation, as well as the main factors for increasing the efficiency (sustainability) of its operation in the agro-industrial complex of Russia, are discussed in the article.

Ensuring a high, decent quality of life becomes the goal of socio-economic development of countries and regions, and the formation of a system to ensure a high quality of life leads to ensuring the necessary level of social security. This becomes especially relevant in the territory of transboundary regions. This is determined by the fact that each transboundary region has its own models of ensuring the quality of life of the population, uses its own mechanisms for improving the quality of the social environment and the ecological situation, as well as its own sociocultural living conditions. This article is aimed at identifying the sociocultural conditions for ensuring the quality of life of the population in a cross-border region (using the example of the Trans-Baikal region). The integrative culture-centric approach is the leading approach to the study of socio-cultural indicators of the quality of life of the population. It is based on a set of opposing points of view related both to the subjective perception of life values and to the awareness of the reality and objectivity of the surrounding world. The use of an integrative culture-centric approach made it possible to characterize the objective aspect of the quality of life of a population in a transboundary region in the context of understanding the level of development of the socio-cultural space and the nature of its influence on the lives of citizens. At the same time, this approach made it possible to study the subjective aspect of the quality of life of the population in a transboundary region through the assessment of people's satisfaction with the quality of their life. As part of the study, a survey of 4,700 residents of municipal areas and urban districts of the Trans-Baikal region was conducted at the age of 18 to 85 years old and indicators are highlighted. They reflect the sociocultural aspects of respondents' satisfaction with their lives, leisure activities, and the availability of cultural institutions. The materials of the article are of practical value for the authorities and state institutions, public associations, and the world community as a whole. Since they are the basis for developing meaningful social policy measures that expand opportunities for the development of the sociocultural living space of the population, implement social programs and projects aimed at improving the quality of life in different countries, and also develop recommendations for reducing the level of dissatisfaction with the quality of life of people in different countries and regions.

The article presents the results of long-term experimental studies of the environmental hazard of mining waste for environmental objects in the Primorsky krai. The aim of the work is to develop the fundamental basis for an integrated assessment of the impact on the ecosystem of waste from the processing of mineral raw materials to improve the environmental situation in the study area. A high ecological toxicity is revealed, which, obviously, can contribute to contamination of environmental objects, as evidenced by acidity indicators (pH 3-4), which determine the high mobility of heavy metal compounds. It has been experimentally proved that the compounds of toxic chemical elements contained in its waste are actively involved in the geochemical cycle within the boundaries of the influence of the tailing dump. A comprehensive assessment of the impact of waste on ecosystems has made it possible to propose ways to ensure their environmental and social security, the novelty of which is confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation received by the authors of the article.

Emulsion products, with vegetable oil in a dispersed state, occupy a definite place among promising fatty foods, which increases their digestibility and nutritional value. In addition, food emulsions for different populations can be created by changing the ratios of different types of oil in the recipe. The presence of the aqueous phase allows one to enter into the composition of the emulsions of water-soluble physiologically functional ingredients, as well as the use of non-traditional emulsifiers of plant origin. Therefore, work in this direction is promising. The article assesses consumer motivation when choosing sauces, as one of the stages of creating functional products, in order to study the demand for new functional sauces. Theoretically, based on the study of chemical and amino acid composition, as well as the organoleptic evaluation of the powder from dried champignons, the expediency of its use is justified as an emulsifier of vegetable origin in the production of emulsion products of functional purpose. Based on experimental studies to establish the technological parameters for the production of an emulsion product, the following parameters were determined: optimum soaking temperature, soaking time, optimal hydromodule of the mushroom powder, concentration of the wet mushroom powder, and optimal emulsion emulsification modes. Optimization of the fat component in the emulsion product was conducted in the ratio of ω-3 and ω-6=10: 1 fatty acids for a healthy diet. Scientifically based technology and formulation of an emulsion product of a functional purpose using as a emulsifier powder of dried champignons with a balanced fatty acid composition (for healthy nutrition) and structural and mechanical characteristics as close as possible to the mayonnaise sauce. Comparative characteristics produced chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of the emulsion product using as an emulsifier of vegetable origin and mayonnaise sauce. The absence of cholesterol, reduced energy value can be attributed to the developed emulsion product to products for healthy people and for people with high cholesterol. The high content of potassium and sodium allows its use in the diet of people with cardiovascular diseases.