Table of contents

LIST OF COMMITTEES

This article contains list of Editorials Team, Advisory Boards, Organizing Committee and SICIR 2018 Partners

We are proud to present to you The 1^st Siliwangi International Conference on Innovation in Research 2018, located in HARRIS Hotel & Conventions, Bandung on 14 August 2018. This conference covers a wide range of innovations in the field of education and renewable engineering. Innovations in the field of education include the problems of teaching and learning as well as the solution. Engineering field includes the discovery and development of renewable technologies.

SICIR 2018, organized by Directorate of Research and Community Service (LP2M) of Universitas Siliwangi (UNSIL) and managed by JP Global Transtech. The objectives of this conference are to disseminate the research results of researchers in University and R & D Institutions and to improve collaboration between researchers with community education and engineering.

There were 4 plenary speakers, 121 scientific participants from countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan, contributing to the success of the conference. The articles were considered under 8 categories, Agrotechnology, Education, Energy, Health Care, Health Care Engineering, Instrumentation & control and Information Technology, Materials, and Regional Development.

On behalf of the organizing committee, we would like to thanks Rector of Universitas Siliwangi, advisory committee, participants for supporting of this scientific meeting. We would also like to thank all the members of the organizing committee, it is a pride to be able to work with all of you.

Corresponding Editors

Prof. Dr. Eng. Aripin

Prof. Dr. Eng. I Made Joni

Prof. Dr. Eng. Camellia Panatarani

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supratman

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is one of the promising developments in the fuel cell system. SOFC can be applied to micro-scale combined heat and power generation (micro CHP) as a power plant in housing. Recently, intermediate-temperature SOFC (500-700°C) is being widely developed since cheaper than the conventional SOFC (∼1000°C). Intermediate-temperature and conventional SOFC are less developed in Indonesia due to expensive electrode and electrolyte materials, such as Yttria and Lanthanum, which are not available in Indonesia. This study aims to develop a novel disk-shaped single cell SOFC based on materials from Indonesia's resources. Calcia Cobalt Zinc Oxide (CCZO) is an alternative cathode to replace conventional cathode such as Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM). CCZO cathode was made using spray coating. Calcia can also substitute Ytrria as a stabilizer of zirconia in electrolyte fabrication. Calcia-stabilized Zirconia (CSZ) electrolyte was produced using spray coating. NiO anode was fabricated through hydraulic pressing. The single cell was operated using hydrogen (125 sccm) as a fuel and ambient air (500 sccm) as an oxidant. The results showed an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.577, 0.558, and 0.513 V and produced the maximum power densities of 1.4, 2.8, and 10 mW m⁻² at 500, 600, and 700°C, respectively. Measurement of the cell impedance indicated that the overall resistance decreased with increasing temperature.

The need for electricity linearly increases despite the lack of accessibility to electric power, especially in rural or downtown area. Since electricity has several positive impacts such as supporting human activities, increasing competitiveness and improving the economy, lack of access to it could lead to an area being underdeveloped. The government expected that procuring a 35,000 Mega Watt generator would overcome this problem. However, from the consumer's perspective, it is important to avoid over or under design during the infrastructure development lead. This study aims to analyze the energy reserve needs from the villagers' own perspectives by determining peak loads, electricity consumption, and the reliability of the power distribution systems. The research took place in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It used interviews to deeply explore consumer behavior in energy consumption presented in commonly demanded factors, diversity factors, SAIDI and SAIFI values, and the respondent's understanding of energy saving. The results of this study revealed some unique characteristic behaviors of Batang electricity consumers based on their locations.

Immense progress is required in the field of energy conversion and storage to achieve cost-effective high-performance batteries which could meet future energy demands. It also becomes mandatory to utilize the abundant materials from the earth's crust, along with safe conversion and storage of electrochemical reactions. In this perspective, aluminium ion batteries (AIBs) could be a viable alternative for the conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this mini-review, we focus on the challenges and the latest growth related to the cathode active materials (metal oxides, metal sulfides and other hybrid systems) in AIBs. The development of highly efficient, low cost and safe energy storage systems based on aluminium ion batteries is much explored. Still, commercialization remains a theoretical one, hence this review highlights the significance of the developed materials and their shortcomings that need to be addressed for the commercialization of aluminium ion batteries in the future.

The nuclear power station severe accident in Fukushima Daiichi became an important lesson learn to involve the passive cooling system in order to enhance the safety in a nuclear power station when prolonged station blackout occur. A U-shaped heat pipe is proposed as one of alternative passive cooling technology to absorb the decay heat generation in the cooling tank that connected to the reactor cavity cooling system. This research objective is to know the effective thermal conductivity of the U-shaped heat pipe. The effective thermal conductivity is an important factor to know the effect of the U-shaped heat pipe to remove the decay heat generation to the heat sink. An experiment was conducted to know the effective thermal conductivity of U-shaped heat pipe. The air cooling velocities on a bonded-fin heat sink in the condenser section were used as a parameter to obtain the effective thermal conductivity of U-shaped heat pipe. The air cooling velocities were varied at 0.65, 0.74, 1.02, and 1.21 m/s. The experiment results showed that the effective thermal conductivity of 35.37 was obtained at the highest variation of air cooling velocity on a bonded-fin heat sink in the condenser section. The result obtained shows that U-shaped heat pipe as a heat transfer device has thermal conductivity 35.37 times greater than the solid U-shaped Copper with the same geometry and dimension. This investigation results can be used to justify the use of heat pipes as a good passive cooling system in cooling tanks connected to Reaktor Daya Eksperimen reactor cavity cooling system.

Indonesia has a significant geothermal energy potential because it is in the Ring of Fire. However, only 7% of identified potential geothermal has been utilized until now. This research aims to determine and predict geothermal potential area by using Landsat 8 imagery, Micromine software, and Land Surface Temperature Calculation. Land Surface Temperature calculation can be carried out by thermal infrared bands which can be obtained from Landsat 8 imagery. Land Surface Temperature calculation is based on a Split-Window algorithm which providing a surface temperature value and its distribution. Furthermore, the method can support to generate the distribution of Land Surface Temperature in research area using Micromine software. The remote sensing analysis also being done to determine geological structures development in the research area which assumed to control manifestation occurrence. It also shows the appearances of geothermal surface manifestation. The result of Land Surface Temperature analyses could predict surface temperature zone in the research area. The area that has high surface temperature value tends to be an area that has a potential geothermal area. The application of this method is being done on a potential geothermal field around Mt. Patuha, Ciwidey, West Java to verify these approaches. This research shows that Land Surface Temperature method to determine geothermal potential has a positive result.

This research aims to determine the characteristics of briquettes made from charcoal mixed with rice husk and corn cobs. The test that has been done is to determine the ignition and combustion properties of the burning briquettes that have been produced. The test of the time duration of briquette ignition is divided into two, the first is the time duration of burning briquette to boil one liter of water and the second is the time needed for the burning briquettes which is started when the briquette is burned until it has come intothe ash. Correlation between the time duration of the boiling water in the furnace and the briquettes combustion temperature was also observed. The next step is the analysis of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from its combustion and the quality of the carbonization furnace, and also calculates the thermal efficiency value of the carbonization furnace. The resulting briquettes can be implemented and can be used as an alternative fuel for economic and environmentally friendly in the community.

Scarcity of fuel gas causes an obstacle of small and medium enterprises (UKM) acceleration. West Java has abundant biomass energy resources, but not yet utilized. Biobriquette is a biomass product that has high energy content and can substitute LPG. In this research, converting biomass into bio briquette from upstream to downstream, a community empowerment model is engineered. The program begins with collecting potential biomass data in several districts in West Java. Furthermore, encouraging the public to participate in the collection and manufacture of biomass into bio-briquettes. Bio-briquettes making technique was adopted from the research that has been done in various universities. Similarly, prototype chopping-machines, briquette molding, and simple oven have been made in university. The market is households and UKM that have been using LPG. In terms of economic, value of briquette selling more profitable than LPG. The problem is, burning bio briquettes traditional wasteful energy. To overcome this, cooperation with the manufacture of stoves, burners, steamer, and kettle is done and it's more energy efficient. In each stage, mentoring is done. The plan of this program will be completed within two years. The hope, this model can be adopted in other areas, given the biomass resources spread throughout Indonesia.

One of the problems in the industry is waste. There are 7 wastes, namely excessive production, inventory, defect/damage, transfer/transportation, movement, waiting time and excessive processes are things that absorb and waste resources, expenses, and additional time but don't provide any added value in the activity, and therefore this research is fundamental to create an effective and efficient production process. The purpose of this research is to find out how much effectiveness and efficiency can be achieved by a SCADA system using PLC and HMI on industrial machines. This research uses a comparative method between a conventional control system with a SCADA system using PLC and HMI to get cost and time savings results. The results obtained in this study are SCADA systems using PLC and HMI can reduce production from 1.1% to 0.3%, increase productivity 6, 1%, saving production time from 396 minutes to 352 minutes and reduce costs from 6, 71%. The conclusion obtained in this research SCADA system using PLC and HMI can improve the effectiveness and efficiency in the production process in industries.

Operational Electrical Railway of PT. KAI Commuter Jabodetabek is supplied by overhead contact system 1500 VDC. Traction substation of Tanjung Barat station uses 6 pulse rectifiers to change alternating current (AC) become direct current (DC) with silicon rectifier type. The effect of the rectification process is harmonic current that causes overheating even fire in transformator. This paper aims to resolve the problem on the rectification process by a simulation using an ETAP 12.6.o application by introducing a single tuned passive filter of the 5th order which is customized to the converter circuit load system. The simulation results showed that filter installation caused reduction of average total harmonic distortion (THD) value where 20% load reduced from 20.19% to 1.02%; 40% load reduced from 20.19% to 3.93%, in 60% load reduced from 20.19% to 1.70% and 80% load reduced from 20.20% to 4.91%. It was highlighted that the obtained total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction below 5 % that meet the standards of IEEE 519-1992.

DC smart grid and distributed generation have evolved rapidly as the integration of renewable energy. The robustness parameter of DC smart grid can be defined by the ability of the system to maintain stability under normal or perturbed conditions and provide fast restoration after faults. This research aims to design DC smart grid to simulate the voltage stability again disturbance. A model of DC smart grid was tested by key parameters in power station such as voltage stability. Voltage stability is the ability of power system to maintain steady voltage within permissible range at all buses in reasonable condition and after having been subjected a perturbation, such as an incremental change in load. The obtained duration time for a system to recovered voltage stability problem was approximately two seconds until three seconds. It was concluded that designed DC smart grid could simulate the voltage stability disturbance.

The requirement of a clean room in the pharmaceutical industry is to maintain the airflow between 0.36-0.54 m/sec and record the temperature and humidity parameters. The laminar airflow machine is used to maintain the air velocity. The air velocity settings in laminar airflow machine are usually done manually by adjusting the speed control knop. In this study, we have designed a prototype of automatic air velocity control, temperature, and humidity monitoring system using Arduino nano and Raspberry Pi. The airflow control is done by the PID method. From the test results, the prototype has worked as expected. The accuracy of the measurement is ± 5% for air velocity, ± 2 °C for temperature and ± 5% for moisture. The system can control the air velocity between 0.36 m/s to 0.54 m/s. The measured parameters then send to the server and utilized for online monitoring the air velocity, temperature, and humidity in the clean room.

Trains are the most popular means of transportation by some people because it is cheap, fast, safe and comfortable. Because of carrying a sense of security, the construction of supporting infrastructure must be made safe, ranging from signs to the implementation of the door guard system in the railway crossing. Still often found in some railway crossing areas there is no guard door crossing system, so there are many accidents that resulted in the absence of a railway door guard system. The prototype was built to develop a railway control system by applying microcontroller technology, minicomputer and Hall effect sensor. The system will automatically detect the train that will pass by sending railway traffic safety information via the internet near the railway crossing. So that road users can find out early if there is a train that will pass by seeing the information monitor.

Recently, the requirement of high-power electric sources for the vehicle industry has been increased, this trend forces the research of DC power sources and storage to be developed faster. For supporting the development, the requirement of the robust measurement system cannot be avoided. In this paper, non-contact high DC-current measurement system had been developed using Hall effect sensing. By this principle, a wide range of current magnitude spanning from -169 A to 237 A with 0.25 A resolution by design was developed. The design of the instrument was extended from the conventional closed-loop configuration system. The magnetic field obtained from secondary current was used to "purify" offset voltage and by using absolute voltage subtractor, the offset voltage can be removed. By this approach, the error due to permanent magnetic fields of concentrator can be compensated. The sensor and the conditioning signal were coupled with the digital block and the measurement data can be observed from LCD and connected to the PC by interface software.

This paper explains about design of 2 DOF hand-shaped manipulator robot prototype with articulated manipulator joints configuration. The manipulator robot joint driven by a servo motor in a closed loop that was controlled using an Arduino uno microcontroller. Movements of joints and end-effector robots were well-designed and allowed real-time observation interfaced by Arduino uno-based computer software. The manipulator robot that is developed can move objects to the right and left. The robotic gripper can grab objects that are less than 5 cm in size and have the ability to move objects with a maximum weight of 1 kg.

Monitoring of the dc resistance value of a multiproduct calibrator had been implemented. This multiproduct calibrator is commonly used as a reference standard to calibrate electrical measurement testers such as insulation tester, earth tester, continuity tester, ground bond resistance tester and many other resistance meters. The monitored value of the multiproduct calibrator can be used to support measurement traceability needs for those electrical measurement testers and meters in a power distribution utility. The monitoring was done by measuring nine data of resistance value within nine respective days to constructa preliminary statistical control limits. The measurement was continued monthly to monitor the dc resistance value that was intended to test the control limits. The monitoring is performed by doing F-test and T-test on the recent measurement data over the all previous measurement data. If a measurement data is found to be outside the control limits, an action should be done to accommodate the information and renew the statistical control limits. The renewal action for the dc resistance value of the observed multiproduct calibrator was performed for several times within a year. It is reported based on the method implementation acquired within a year, that the upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL) for the dc resistance value of 19 kΩ is 18.99964 kΩ and 18.99912 kΩ. Moreover, to verify the performance of the final statistical control limits, the additional measurement is taken and the result lies between the UCL and LCL

In planting plants using an aquaponic system. Plants are very dependent on nutrients found in water, pH and water temperature. pH and temperature become one of the parameters that determine the yield. pH must be maintained in conditions 6.5–8.0 and temperature must be maintained at 18°-30° Celcius. Therefore, an automation system designed in order to keep the pH and temperature always at a predetermined range. Automation system designed using ARDUINO and RASPBERRY Pi microcontrollers with proportional control method. From the results of experiments that have been carried out, it is found that the designed device can control the temperature condition in the water by activating Peltier elements and fans or heaters to maintain the temperature conditions in water with fastest response time is 25.5 seconds for pH and 473.5 seconds for temperatures reaching setting determined.

This project provides a concept of computer-based Hybrid Billing Parking System Service that could work both online and/or offline. We propose Hybrid Billing Parking System (HBPs) in which this system could work and keep the data of billing parking transaction saved digitally. The main goal of this research is design a new concept of database and computer network which includes operational procedure, unique barcode for Hybrid Billing Parking System (HBPs). We have successfully created Hybrid Billing Parking System (HBPs) which has advantages on managing system, for evaluation and financial report and also continuing parking service system. The result of this reseach that the concept that has been designed has two benefit aspects. From energy perspective, HBPs consume less energy and from simplicity procedure perspective, HBPs can be designed into universal architecture of parking system, but the unique code of barcode of each customer will be different.

To measure water surface elevation, the measurement technique with ultrasonic technology has been recently being applied to various sectors, such as automotive, robotic and industrial requirement. This research aims to create water surface elevation measurement with JSN-SR04T ultrasonic sensor, which has 0.5 cm measurement resolution. Arduino-Uno microcontroller with a microprocessor-Atmega238 type was used as a measurement data processing system. The system test was conducted in a river where the system was placed under the bridge, and then the elevation water surface levels were captured by the sensor. After that, the results were displayed on the LCD screen. The test was executed in 37 testing scenarios of the condition of the river water surface. Then, the measurement results from the system were compared to the manual measurement. The results showed that the value of measurement error was 0.75%. This finding is in line with the datasheet which indicates that WSN-SR04T sensor can provide a maximum resolution of 0.5 cm.

Cybercrimes can occur by utilizing existing technology, and any such crime leaves a trace on the system, i.e. data digital evidence. Therefore, it takes a scientific way to analyze the digital evidence on the forensic of such cybercrime. Raspberry Pi is one of the systems that can be developed and functioned as a device used for investigation on the network. The device can capture data on layer 5 (session layer) and investigation process using NIST (National Institute of Standard Technology) method. Raspberry utilization is not only in the process of capturing the data alone but can be used for Mobile Wireless Hacking. Like the two blades of the device has a benefit according to the needs of its users. This device can be further developed for the investigative process by mobile law enforcers, by making some modifications so that they can be taken wherever they go. The contribution of this research is developing this tool for investigation process on network service where after system able to do wireless hacking then data collection at layer 5 is done automatically during the specified timeframe, then the system will auto shutdown by itself, besides modification of battery as energy source so that this tool can be used in mobile.

One of the keys to the successful implementation of information security management in an organization is the selection and implementation of an information security management system control that is good and in accordance with the needs of the organization, the information security management system control can be adopted based on ISO/IEC 27001: 2013 standard document. To ensure the success of information security controls, it is necessary to measure the effectiveness of each control applied. SNI ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 is a standard that provides guidance on the development and use of measures and measurements to assess the effectiveness of controls and control groups in the information security management system as stated in the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, but to do the measurement process, required objects and measurement attributes and metrics, which are not explained in detail in the ISO ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 standard. This study aims to assist in measuring the effectiveness of information security management control by generating the flow of steps in determining the object and measurement parameters and the metrics used based on the provisions contained in the ISO ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 standard.

The existing condition of the irrigation area after construction or the irrigation area in operation needs to be evaluated because in the planning of water availability and irrigation water needs many parameters-parameters which is the result of the analysis approach or indeed the data - the data that then changed. The changing conditions of the data will cause many impacts. The risk of field failure is one of impact if water availability is less than the initial estimate. This paper reports the analysis of the availability of water and irrigation water requirements is dynamic, in this study the availability of water is analyzed with 80% reliability. Irrigation water demand is based on regulation of planting schedule and reduction of field area with the intention of reducing the risk of greater field failure. The results obtained are alternative field area of optimum irrigation, regulation of planting schedule and operation of floodgates in the taking or building structure for the review. Field area and Regulation of planting schedule are analyzed by simulation. The mathematical model that will be produced is the optimum model of irrigation water management and mathematical model of field failure risk. This study can be an evaluation model especially for irrigated areas in dry field areas.

This paper discusses about the measurement of optimization on feeder machine with automatic system control for aquaculture. This paper mainly aims to observe four main parts of feeding machine of aquaculture: major inlet, scale system, spiral tunnel, and throwing system. The observation done includes the energy of electricity usage of each unit of feeding weight which is processed, duration of process of each part, the exchange of rotor speeds, and the flow of feeding speed rate in gram per second. In this research, the design of feeding machine with automatic system based on Arduino Uno is conveyed. The feeds size used in this research are 2mm and 4mm. The measurement of optimization aims to consider the weight of the feeds, and the system of machine that works optimally. The result from experiment releases that the machine designed is able to work optimally on 2kg feeds of each process in 70 seconds and 71 seconds, and 0.085Wh on energy of electricity usage.

The system survive in this digital era is a system that can work on multiple platforms, the use of web services is one of the solution. Exchange data using JSON format and for the security of authentication using JSON Web Token (JWT). The importance of token-based authentication using JWT on web services can solve interoperability problems. JWT is stateless and can include information in the token authorization. JWT has several options for using algorithms namely HMAC, RSA, and ECDSA. Unfortunately, it is unknown which algorithm has better performance. Here, we directly tested the signing algorithm in the three algorithms seen from several parameters. The experimental results showed the use of HMAC algorithm produces an average value of token-generating time is 21.3 s, token size 109 bytes and data transfer token speed 91.2 s. It was considered that the HMAC had an excellent performance.

Online quality analysis technique of energy consumption is getting easier. It is because the sensor module and microprocessor are getting more simple, complex and possess high accuracy. This study offers an alternative to online electrical energy consumption monitoring technique by using Arduino. It is interesting to know the accuracy of the work of the Arduino-based energy quality monitoring system with high accuration measurments tool Kyoritsu power analyzer KEW 6315 and Hioki 328-20. The method of this research is the design of 1 phase electrical energy monitoring system by using current sensor type SCT-013 and voltage sensor in the form of transformator. EmonLib Library was used for processing voltage and current data in Arduino. The validation of measurement results was done by comparing the results of Arduino with Kyoritsu KEW 6315 and Hioki 328-20. The measurement reporting technique was displayed online based on the website. The results provide a clear picture of the measurement performance of the developed system, that the system has a quality of performance close to Kyoritsu type kew 6315 that against Hioki 328-20 with an average error below 5% is acceptable. The results of the measurement of electrical energy consumption had been successfully displayed in the form of a website-based energy report.

The hospital nurse call system is a system found around a hospital bed that allows patients in health care to call nurses or other health care staff remotely about their need for assistance. When the button is pressed, the signal tells the staff at the nurse station via a voice signal, and usually the nurse or nurse assistant responds to the call. Today it has created many nurse call systems that are considered efficient both with the concept of wireless and cable. artificial equipment that has standard facilities and complete facilities. But this tool only emphasizes how patients call nurses, without thinking about how the quality of nursing services responds to each call. The purpose of this study is to develop an RFID-based nurse call system with the internet of things (IoT) concept. The system allowed nurses can respond to every call from the patient without the patient or family the patient comes to the nurse station, also the hospital executive can get a report on the quality of nursing services, in the form of reports on the number of calls, the time is taken by the nurse to respond to each call and report who the nurse responds to each patient's call. Thus, the information can be evaluated how the quality of service in the hospital.

One of the most important concepts of the internet of things is related to software services, where the system must be able to provide real-time data collected from various environments. So that software services represent a variety of physical and virtual real-world objects that can grow very fast. This condition is related to the ability of self-adaptation software services. However, the existing model of self-adaptation is generally not paying attention to the requirements for service evolution. The objective of this paper is to introduce self-adaptation modeling techniques which consist of, first, domain modeling of the internet of things to represent real-world context; second, developing an inference engine for context inference. As a form of evaluation, this model is applied to the patient monitoring system that will relate to the concept of self-adaptation of various systems, devices, actors, and environment. The case study results show the system's ability to anticipate changes in context and growth needs.

The purpose of this paper is to present a visualization of two-dimensional trees using fractals and L-Systems. Grammar in L-System consisting of letters, axioms, and production rules can be used to construct trees in various forms according to the production rules used. With the formation of grammar from the tree pattern in a fractional manner, the grammar can be reused to construct other tree patterns at a higher level. The iterations made on certain production rules visually affect the tree model. Experiments were carried out on the L-System generator to see the results of tree visualization by testing various grammars. Testing was done by trial and error in production rules to get a realistic visualization of a two-dimensional tree model. From the experimental results produced a variety of grammar, where modifications to the production rules produced different tree models. Visually, from the iteration results, the higher the iteration value, the two-dimensional tree was not formed properly. When the iteration value or n > 5 the two-dimensional tree model results from an iteration it lost detail from the branch.

We have been monitoring our standard capacitors of AH-1100 fused-silica drift for 8 years to maintain and obtain the actual values of them. One of the advantages of the standard capacitors is to be used as a reference standard for ensuring the performance of an AC high voltage capacitive divider, that is commonly used to assess a voltage level on a power distribution from plants to end-users. This paper describes the monitoring of AH-1100 and its validation performed by comparing to the calibration results of KRISS, the national metrology institute of The Republic of Korea. The AH-1100 drifts is found to be less than 0.0052μF/F/year, and the comparison results show a good agreement, making the monitoring results have been validated. Moreover, the implementation has been performed with expanded uncertainties of 1.7 fF for 10 pF and about 22 fF for 100 pF.

This study aimed to utilize Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and preheated Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) as a source for enhanced biogas production in Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) Reactor. The reactor was operated continuously for 48 days with 2 days hydraulic retention time (HRT), POME: EFB mixing ratios of 1: 0; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20; temperature of 35 ± 2±C and 55 ± 2±C. The best improved was achieved from co-digestion of POME with EFB at a mesophilic temperature of 35 ± 2±C and mixing ratios of 1: 0.10, highest total biogas volume achieved was 7,400 ml (0.1359 – 0.1619 m³ CH₄/kg COD removed), Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA)/Total Alkalinity (TA) ratios 0.1418 – 0.1582, and COD removal 61.97 – 78.87 %. The Methane content was 46.10 %. Under a Thermophilic temperature of 55 ± 2±C and mixing ratios of 1: 0, 10, the highest total biogas volume achieved was 1.350 ml (0.0859 – 0.1358 m³ CH₄/kg COD removed) VFA/TA ratios increased to 0.4498 – 0.6685 with COD removal 61.97 – 74.65 %.

Dental porcelain is usually used for aesthetic indirect restoration. Porcelain powder is still imported, although Indonesia is rich with natural sand as porcelain raw material. Flexural strength is a mechanical property which is related to porcelain's ability to resist occlusal force. The objective of this study is to synthesize porcelain from the mixture of Sumateran and Javanese natural sand and evaluate its flexural strength. This experiment used explorative descriptive method. Feldspar Pangaribuan (65% wt), silica Belitung (25%wt), kaolinite Sukabumi (5%wt), and potassium salt (5%wt) was mixed with wet-ball mill and dissolved by fritting to produce porcelain powder. Five samples were made by liquid-phase method in size 3mm x 2cm x 7cm. XRD test was used to analyse crystalline formed and flexural strength of these samples was measured by Netzch Universal Testing Machine with 7.5kg initial load and calculated by flexural strength formula. The result was porcelain powder which has been sintered on 1150 °C contain leucite (potassium aluminium silicate) crystalline on XRF test with average flexural strength 26.678 MPa. Leucite crystalline is the main indicator for synthesizing dental porcelain because leucite is not usually found on other ceramic. Leucite crystalline is known for increasing strength, preventing crack propagation, and resisting pyroplastic flow. Ten percent of leucite on X-Ray Fluoroscence shows the percentage is less than other dental porcelain. The conclusion of this research is that porcelain succeeded to be self-synthesized from the mixture of Sumateran and Javanese natural sand and having flexural strength 26.678 MPa.

Physical phenomena of the droplet evaporation occurred in the spray pyrolysis reactor tube has been studied. This model simulation was expected to predict the process occurred in the reactor tube and predicted the size and morphology of particle. The dynamical model of particles influenced by macroscopic parameters such as reactor wall temperature, flow rate carrier gas and concentration of precursor have been successfully simulated. The size of the particle, the number of aqueous vapors around droplet, air temperature around the droplet, temperature of droplet and solution concentration profile of particle in the reactor tube were simulated. The desired final particle can be achieved by controlling these factors.

Electromagnetic-wave sintering of alumina ceramics using 28 GHz gyrotron has been performed aiming for a high fracture toughness value in order for use as pistons for pressure cells of high-frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. We have tried to improve the fracture toughness by using nano-sized alumina powder (140 nm in average particle size) having smaller particle size than our previous work (400 nm in average particle size). Rapid densification was observed around the sintering temperature of 1200 °C. We obtained the relative density over 99 % above 1400 °C. It was found that alumina ceramics made in this work at sintering temperatures have smaller grain size and higher density simultaneously as compared to the previous work. These results suggest that alumina ceramics made from powder of smaller particle size sintered by electromagnetic-wave sintering possibly have high fracture toughness which can be used as materials for the pressure cell for ESR.

In order to investigate effective utilization methods of forest resources and an advanced microwave distillation method, a microwave vacuum distillation system has been developed with commercially available microwave oven. By using this system, essential oil extraction from the Japanese Lindera umbellata Thunb. was carried out under the vacuum condition. The qualitative and quantitative analysis for the components of the essential oil was performed by GC/MS. As the result, the content percentages of nerolidol, selinene and linalool were different from those obtained with the traditional method.

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the NdFeB N52 type magnetic field distribution on a Trapezoidal type coil in an axial type generator. The main problems addressed by this study are how the distribution of magnetic field type NdFeB N52 to the trapezoidal type coil and how the influence of air gap between NdFeB N52 magnets and the coil to the output electric voltage generated from the coil at the speed of rotation. In order to answer the problems, we moved a rectangular type magnet axially towards the trapezoidal type coil with a specified distance, so that we could identify the change of the output voltage. The description of the magnetic field distribution in the stator was simulated by using the Maxwell 3D Design application ran in ANSYS software 16.0. The result of this study shows that the magnet was distributed evenly on the coil. It is also known that based on experiments with 2mm to 6mm of magnet to coils of gaps, the highest output voltage is at 2mm gaps at 750rpm.

The activated carbon from cashew nut shell (CNS) has been prepared by physical activation. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is primarily extracted from a shell by using handed-rotary roaster kiln at the temperature around 170°C. The carbonization is done by augmenting temperature up to 350°C without taking out the CNS from kiln. The carbonized CNS is crushed and sieved of 60 mesh. While the activation process, nitrogen gas is flowed through the electric furnace with a constant flow rate and the activation temperature is varied from 400°C to 900°C. Sample then is characterized using ultimate analysis to determine composition of activated carbon including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and sulphur (S) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to know the surface morphology and element composition respectively and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is used to know the structural properties. The ultimate analysis shows that carbon element in the sample increases as activation temperature increases up to 700°C of 79.80% and then decreases to 79.14% at 900°C. XRD pattern shows that it appears a broaden peak about 2θ = 24°C indicating an amorphous structure. The increasing of activation temperature tends to graphitization process of activated carbon.

In this investigation, manganese has been produced from medium grade manganese ore from Karangnunggal mine (West Java, Indonesia). The effects of keeping it at a temperature of 1200°C in methane gas on the structural properties have been studied. The material's properties have been characterized on the basis of the experimental data obtained using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It has been found that MnO₂ is reduced to hausmannite (Mn₃O₄), manganosite (MnO) and manganese carbide (Mn₇C₃). An increase of the keeping time up to 45 minutes during the sintering process leads to an increase of the MnO concentration, while at 90 minutes, the concentration decreases. The analysis based on the interpretation of both XRD patterns and FTIR spectrum allows one to explain the blockage in the particle surface of the ore by an increase of the carbon deposition.

Chitosan:SiO₂ nanocomposite (Cs:SiO₂ NCs) is synthesized via aerosol processing. Ultrasonic spray drying apparatus was used to produce smaller sized composite particles with spherical morphology. Composite from shrimp shell and water glass (Na₂SiO₃) as silica precursor were used for the preparation. Cs:SiO₂ NCs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to know about the chemical bonding and morphology of the particles, respectively. Based on the FTIR investigation the absorption peak at 1090 cm⁻¹ represents the reaction of silanol groups of silica with carbonyl groups of polymers leading to the formation of Si-O-C bonds. The morphology of Cs:SiO₂ NCs was more spherical than chitosan particles with relatively narrow size distribution. The smaller particle size of Cs:SiO₂ NCs is potentially applied to engineer the material for drug delivery system.

A lab-scale Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) Reactor was used to the treatment of undiluted Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with the COD mean value of 53,333.33 mg/l. The startup was done at a mesophilic temperature of 35 ± 2°C for 12 days with two days Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) as a pre-study of enhanced biogas production by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of POME with Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) in EGSB Reactor. The steady state was achieved at 8th to 12th day of continuous operation. The effluent COD at steady state was vary from 10,000 to 11,500 mg/l, COD removal 78.44 – 81.25 %, Methane content was 43.89 % and total biogas volume achieved was 2.760 ml (0.1486 – 0.1503 m³ CH₄/kg COD removed). There were several operational problems met in the experiment and corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.

Adding more angle to the segmental T-Loop gable can affect the amount of force created to retract the canine on an orthodontic treatment with extraction. In-vitro laboratory experimental design, performed at the Chemistry Laboratory of Faculty of Science, ITB. The samples are 60 segmental T-loop springs with α and β angle of 0°–0°; 0°–45°; 45°–0°; 22.5°–22.5°; 15°–30°; 30°–15°. Force was measured using autograph with retraction distance of 1, 2, and 3 mm, then analyzed using ANOVA statistics analysis with a factorial design of 2x3x6 and 5 replications for each cell. The results of the posthoc Student Newman Keuls and Tukey test show that the added angle to the α and β gables of SS and TMA T-loop will add more resulting force along with the increase of retraction distance. The added angle to the α and β gables of SS and TMA segmental T-loop will add more resulting force along with the increase of retraction distance. The force resulted by the SS T-loop with various α and β gables are significantly different, while the force resulted by the TMA T-loop are not (p-value <0.05), as long as α + β is the same. The force resulted by the SS T-loop with various α and β gables are significantly different. However, on the TMA segmental T-loop, as long as α + β is the same, the force resulted will not be different.

Despite rapid developments in adhesive technology, contamination of bonding surfaces remains a major problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of contamination on shear bond strength of two adhesive systems: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC; GC America Corp) and Moist Insensitive Primer (Transbond MIP, 3M Unitek) combination with Transbond XT (light-activated), under different enamel conditions. Metal brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of 42 human premolars. The total sample was divided into 6 groups (n = 7 teeth) and brackets were bonded with one of the 2 adhesives under 3 enamel surface conditions: (1) dry (2) saliva-contaminated (3) saliva and blood-contaminated. The shear bond strength was tested using Universal Strength Tester Autograph Shimadzu Corp. There was no significant difference in the shear bond strength between dry, saliva, and saliva-blood contamination bonded with MIP combined Transbond XT. There were significant differences in the shear bond strengths between dry and saliva -blood contaminated enamel bonded with Fuji Ortho LC. In conclusion, Fuji Ortho LC is not recommended for clinical bonding application under saliva-blood contaminated enamel conditions.