Emissions from combustion technologies with a focus on brick making and in-home cooking

cookstove;brick kiln;particle emissions;CO emissions;pottery kiln;black carbon;elemental carbon;organic carbon;emission factor

Weyant, Cheryl ; Bond ; Tami C.

关键词: cookstove;    brick kiln;    particle emissions;    CO emissions;    pottery kiln;    black carbon;    elemental carbon;    organic carbon;    emission factor;   

Others  :  https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/50706/Cheryl_Weyant.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

美国|英语

来源: The Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship

【 摘 要 】

Emissions from seventy household stoves in Tibet and Nepal and thirteen brick kilns in South Asia were measured to quantify aerosol and gaseous pollutant emissions, including particulate matter (PM 2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonaceous particles, and optical scattering and absorption. In addition, a pilot study was conducted of small-scale industry emissions from a restaurant, candy making operation, and two pottery kilns.Emission factors from household stoves were compared across fuel types, stove characteristics, and study region. Stoves measured in Nepal emitted more black carbon when sugarcane was used in the fuel mixture. Chimney stoves had better combustion efficiency and lower emissions than non-chimney stoves and wood fuel produced significantly less PM 2.5 and CO compared to dung fuel in Tibet. Overall, Tibetan stoves had higher emission factors compared to stoves in Nepal or Honduras.Small-scale industry stoves, restaurant and candy making, had similar emission factor magnitudes and particle properties to household stoves. Unlike stoves, the traditional straw pottery kiln had high carbon monoxide emission factors and almost no black carbon emissions (5% of PM 2.5). Conversely, the wood pottery kiln had a much higher percentage of black carbon (78%). In comparison, household stoves in Nepal averaged 22%.Measurements in the exhaust of six brick kiln technologies demonstrate differences in overall emissionprofiles and relative climate warming resulting from kiln design and fuel choice. Emission factors differed between kiln types, in some cases by an order of magnitude. The brick kilns currently dominating the sector had the highest emission factors of PM 2.5 and light absorbing carbon, while improved Vertical Shaft and Tunnel kilns were lower emitters. An improved version of the most common technology in the region, the zig-zag kiln, was among the lowest emitting kilns in PM 2.5 , CO, and light absorbing carbon. Emission factors measured here are lower than those currently used in emission inventories as inputs to global climate models; 85% lower (PM 2.5) and 35% lower for elemental carbon (EC) for the most common kiln in the region, yetthe ratio of EC to total carbon was higher than previously estimated (0.96 compared to 0.47). Total annualestimated emissions from the brick industry are 120 Tg CO2 , 2.5 Tg CO, 0.19 Tg PM 2.5 , and 0.12 Tg EC.