Commodity of choice: gender roles, racial dynamics, and material consumption patterns at New Philadelphia, Illinois

Historic Archaeology;United States;African Americans;Women;Gender;Race;Material Culture;Consumption

Fay, Kathryn Odeanne

关键词: Historic Archaeology;    United States;    African Americans;    Women;    Gender;    Race;    Material Culture;    Consumption;   

Others  :  https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/90548/FAY-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

美国|英语

来源: The Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship

【 摘 要 】

The focus of this research project is the frontier town of New Philadelphia, Illinois (11PK455), the first town legally platted and planned in advance by African Americans in the United States. New Philadelphia was established in 1836 by Frank and Lucy McWorter, who had freed themselves from enslavement in Kentucky. The town was conceived as one open to whoever wished to purchase lots and live there, which ended up including both free African-American and European-American citizens. The town grew until shortly after the Civil War, when the bypass of the town by the railroad and other economic factors likely led to its decline. The land reverted to largely agricultural use in the 20th century. The National Science Foundation-funded New Philadelphia Archaeology Program began in 2004, hoping to uncover material and structural remains of the frontier town, as well as make the story of its inhabitants more known to the public.This analysis specifically focuses on the home and farm site of Louisa McWorter, located on Block 13 of New Philadelphia. Louisa was the daughter-in-law of the town’s founders, having married one of their sons, Squire, in 1843. She was widowed 12 years later, left to continue the farm, raise children, and care for extended family members as the head of her own household. Several years of excavation on this household site yielded over 20,000 artifacts and the remains of the foundation of the house. Using a framework of feminist, consumer choice, and race theories, the analysis of these artifacts tests the hypothesis that Louisa succeeded at maintaining her household and reveals additional information about the social structure of the rural community in relation to gendered and racialized interactions. As compared to other known-occupant households within New Philadelphia, Louisa’s material assemblage was largely similar to those of two of her European-American, male, head-of-household neighbors. This resemblance differs from the results of similar comparative studies done in urban areas, where a noticeable difference in material assemblage patterning was seen along racial divides. Other African-American sites throughout the country also show trends comparable to either the McWorter site or the above-mentioned urban domestic sites.The similarity in assemblages suggests that differing social structures and pressures were affecting consumer choices in rural New Philadelphia’s population than were affecting those in large cities. However, these similarities should not be mistaken as grounds for an assumption that Louisa would have experienced the community, the local economy, and social pressures in the same way as her white male neighbors. There would have been influences of sexism and racism affecting her life and her choices. Due to intersections between consumer choices and social pressures, those influences may be reflected in the one main difference between the assemblages: a larger percentage of utilitarian stoneware ceramic artifacts from Louisa’s home site.The larger percentage of stoneware in the overall ceramic assemblage suggests a larger than typical amount of home industry was being performed at the house; containers for salting or otherwise storing various foods and more cooking and preparatory dishes. This disparity in utilitarian and storage kitchenware may be one of the ways Louisa navigated a potentially racist and sexist economy, and suggests alternative ways of supporting herself and her family through home industry.Combined, these results show that Louisa McWorter, a free African-American woman on the frontier in the 19th century, was able to not just survive but support a large family and succeed in agriculture and landownership, similar to the stereotypical white male of the period. In addition, she was involved in a rural community social system different from that of her urban counterparts. Economic and social stressors affected Louisa and her farming neighbors more equally than they affected people in urban areas. However, Louisa and her family would still have dealt with the inherent racism and sexism of the time period. The fact that she lived in a rural frontier area where most people, regardless of race or gender, were living in relatively equal manners does not equate with complete social harmony and acceptance. This idea points to a larger sense of reality in the 19th century and supports the notion that the life experience of demographically similar but geographically different groups cannot be assumed to be equal.