Previous forgiveness research has mostly focused on victims’ forgiveness for transgressors, and variables expected to promote forgiveness, such as transgressors’ repentance and atonement, have been collectively branded as apology. However, decisions concerning forgiveness frequently occur outside of dyadic contexts, and the unique roles of repentance and atonement in achieving forgiveness, despite their preeminence in theology and law, have received little empirical attention. Across four experiments (N=601), we show that repentance and atonement independently promote third-party forgiveness for a variety of harms, even without direct apology and even in disinterested contexts. Our findings provide a systematic examination of third-party forgiveness disentangled from personal involvement, resulting in a clearer understanding of components facilitating forgiveness.
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Feeling bad and doing good: Forgiveness through the lens of uninvolved others