Sport management scholars have increasingly examined institutional change in sport. This line of work tends to focus on isomorphism in the adoption of new organizational practices or structures (Cunningham, 2009; Kikulis, 2000; Slack & Hinings, 1994), and often depicts sport organizations as passive recipients of broader field-level institutional demands. We lack understanding of institutional factors affecting variation in sport policy adoption across geographic boundaries and the role of agency in the change process. This dissertation aims to extend our understanding of institutional change around sport policy, corresponding variations in organizational responses, and the role of agency in institutional processes by investigating 1) the local community-level institutional factors on the varied rate of sport policy adoption across geographic boundaries (Study 1), and 2) the activities and tactics by which institutional entrepreneurs create and promote the passage of new sport policies (Study 2). Empirically, I study these institutional dynamics in the context of the passage of youth sport concussion legislation across U.S. states. First, I provide background and historical overview of my context around concussion in sports in Chapter 2. Then, in Study 1 of this dissertation (Chapter 3), I conducted an event history analysis to investigate the effects of institutional triggers, and cultural, political, and social factors, within and between states, on the speed of concussion legislation adoption. My quantitative analysis shows that a series of intrastate factors—state norms, disruptive events, and state advocacy—have a significant influence on state policy adoption. Supporting qualitative data provide additional insight around the role of disruptive events and local advocacy in the adoption of concussion legislation. This study contributes to a better understanding of cross-state diffusion of institutional change in sport, and heterogeneity in the process. In Study 2 of this dissertation (Chapter 4), I conducted multi-case study to explore the activities and tactics by which coalitions of individuals and organizations create and promote the passage of state-level concussion legislation. My findings show that institutional entrepreneurs engaged in diverse types of activities and tactics to advance the passage of concussion legislation. First, they were tasked with political activity, namely coalition building, in which they employed tactics including prioritizing recruitment for knowledge and legitimacy, diversified membership, involving skeptics, and developing a shared vision to build a broad-based coalition. Next, coalition actors moved to technical activity that concentrated on building a concussion legislation template. Important tactics included leveraging expertise, strategic compromise, and using neutral and inclusive language. These institutional entrepreneurs also became involved in cultural activity that focused on framing and justifying the adoption of concussion legislation. Relevant tactics included episodic framing (i.e., highlighting a particular individual’s story) and embedding the issue in a broader value context. This study sheds light on the multifaceted nature and temporal dynamics underlying institutional change in sport. Collectively, Study 1 and Study 2 contribute to prior sport management studies focused on the constraining effects of institutional forces on organizational processes (Berrett & Slack, 1999; Silk & Amis, 2000), by shedding light on how institutional entrepreneurs can re-evaluate and capitalize on local institutional factors to initiate institutional change in sport.
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Institutional Change Around Sport Policy: Passage of Youth Sports Concussion Legislation Across States
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